The Role of IL-17-Producing Cells in Cutaneous Fungal Infections

Abstract

The skin is the outermost layer of the body and is exposed to many environmental stimuli, which cause various inflammatory immune responses in the skin. Among them, fungi are common microorganisms that colonize the skin and cause cutaneous fungal diseases such as candidiasis and dermatophytosis. The skin exerts inflammatory responses to eliminate these fungi through the cooperation of skin-component immune cells. IL-17 producing cells are representative immune cells that play a vital role in anti-fungal action in the skin by producing antimicrobial peptides and facilitating neutrophil infiltration. However, the actual impact of IL-17-producing cells in cutaneous fungal infections remains unclear. In this review, we focused on the role of IL-17-producing cells in a series of cutaneous fungal infections, the characteristics of skin infectious fungi, and the recognition of cell components that drive cutaneous immune cells.

Skin innate immune response against fungal infections and the potential role of trained immunity

“…Afterwards, the majority of these cells become tissueresident memory CD4+ T cells. 63 While Eyerich et al 64…”

“…In candidiasis, for example, γδ T cells are the main IL‐17‐producing cells in murine models during the initial phase of infection. Afterwards, the majority of these cells become tissue‐resident memory CD4+ T cells 63 . While Eyerich et al 64 .…”

Genetic Susceptibility to Fungal Infections and Links to Human Ancestry

“…One of the key signaling molecule pathways, the IL-17R signaling is dependent on Act1 (Actin1—a conserved protein that helps in key cellular processes), and mutation in the gene coding for Actin1 leads to defect in IL-17R signaling pathway, which ultimately fails to provide immunity against CMC ( Boisson et al, 2013 ). IL-17RA binds to homo- and heterodimers of IL-17A and IL-17F, and its deficiency or genetic mutation in any of the gene coding for receptors IL-17RA or IL-17RC leads to CMC ( Puel et al, 2011 ; Sawada et al, 2021 ).…”

Review of secukinumab‐induced adverse events of special interest and its potential pathogenesis

“…7 In addition, IL-17A also has a crucial protective role in regulation of host immune response against various pathogens, such as fungi and viruses. 8,9 IL-17A can target a variety of cell types (e.g., keratinocytes, neutrophils, macrophage monocyte, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes), and then stimulate production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines. 1,10 The status of various target cells and cytokines varied in affected tissue in individual patient after blockade Jingyao Liang and Sanquan Zhang contributed equally to this work.…”

“…IL‐17A serves as a key link between the innate and adaptive immune responses and plays a vital pathogenic role in many immune‐mediated diseases, including Ps, psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 7 . In addition, IL‐17A also has a crucial protective role in regulation of host immune response against various pathogens, such as fungi and viruses 8,9 . IL‐17A can target a variety of cell types (e.g., keratinocytes, neutrophils, macrophage monocyte, endothelial cells, and chondrocytes), and then stimulate production of numerous proinflammatory cytokines 1,10 .…”