TLR4 in Toxoplasmosis; friends or foe?

Zare-Bidaki, Mohammad; Hakimi, Hamid; Abdollahi, Seyyed Hossein; Zainodini, Nahid; Arababadi, Mohammad Kazemi; Kennedy, Derek

doi:10.1016/j.micpath.2014.03.006

Cited by 41 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Like other TLRs, TLR4 has a leucine-rich transmembrane protein [44]. When stimulated by microbial PAMPs, TLR4 activates diverse signal pathways in the cytosol of immune cells.…”

Section: Toll-like Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Possible Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Pathology of Stroke

Hakimizadeh

Arababadi

Shamsizadeh

et al. 2016

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Stroke is a prevalent and dangerous health problem, which triggers an intense inflammatory response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. TLRs are the essential components of the response of the innate immunity system, and, therefore, they are one of the key factors involved in recognizing pathogens and internal ligands. Among TLRs, TLR4 significantly participates in the induction of inflammation and brain functions; hence, it has been hypothesized that this molecule is associated with several immune-related brain diseases such as stroke. It has also been proved that animals with TLR4 deficiency have higher protection against ischemia and that the absence of TLR4 reduces neuroinflammation and injuries associated with brain trauma. TLR4 deficiency may play a neuroprotective role in the occurrence of stroke. This article reviews recent information regarding the impact of TLR4 on the pathogenicity of stroke.

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“…Like other TLRs, TLR4 has a leucine-rich transmembrane protein [44]. When stimulated by microbial PAMPs, TLR4 activates diverse signal pathways in the cytosol of immune cells.…”

Section: Toll-like Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Possible Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Pathology of Stroke

Hakimizadeh

Arababadi

Shamsizadeh

et al. 2016

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…TLRs are intra/extracellular immune cell receptors that are members of the pathogen recognition receptors family (PRR) and have a vital role in parasite pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) recognition and the subsequent immune responses induced against infectious agents, such as T. gondii (Zare-Bidaki et al 2014). The interaction of TLR with PAMP initiate a variety of immune functions, including migration (Neal et al 2013), phagocytosis (Anand et al 2007), and inflammatory cytokine secretion (Schaub et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxoplasma gondii Histone 4 Affects Some Functions of Murine Ana‐1 Macrophages In Vitro

Liu

Wang

et al. 2018

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan that can infect almost all nucleated cells. Histone proteins and DNA form the nucleosomes, which are the fundamental building blocks of eukaryotic chromatin. Histone 4 is an essential component of a histone octamer. In the present study, T. gondii histone 4 (TgH4) was cloned and the regulatory effect of TgH4 on murine macrophages was characterized. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that TgH4 was highly conserved in structure. Recombinant TgH4 (rTgH4) protein was identified by sera from rats experimentally infected with T. gondii and native TgH4 in the total soluble protein of T. gondii tachyzoites was recognized by polyclonal antibodies against rTgH4, as indicated by immunoblotting analysis. Immunofluorescence assay showed that TgH4 binds to macrophages. Following incubation with rTgH4, the toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) level of the macrophages was downregulated. Meanwhile, chemotaxis and the proliferation of macrophages were inhibited. However, rTgH4 can promote phagocytosis, apoptosis, and the secretion of nitric oxide, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α from macrophages. Just 80 μg/ml rTgH4 can significantly elevate the secretion of interleukin‐10 and interleukin‐1β (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01). Viewed together, these outcomes indicated that rTgH4 can affect the functions of murine macrophages in vitro.

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“…Toll-like receptor (TLR) /MyD88 signaling has been reported as the key pathway in a nonspecific antimicrobial response against T. gondii7. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) of T. gondii was demonstrated to trigger TLR4 signaling pathways 8 . In inflammatory monocytes, T. gondii infection induced the production of interferon (IFNγ ) through TLR4 and MyD88 signaling that facilitates formation of Th1 type response and activates lymphocyte cytotoxicity that cause abortion 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of TLR4 Gene Polymorphism and Haplotypes in the Susceptibility to Toxoplasmosis in Iraqi Aborted Women

Turkey¹,

Abbas²,

Hathal³

et al. 2019

J Pure Appl Microbiol

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The activity of TLRs as non-specific immunity in defense against T. gondii infections was observed particularly for TLR4 molecules. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in tow genes encoding these receptors were reported as significant genetic modifications of TLRs and associated with different pregnancy disorders. This study aimed to investigate the association between two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the toll-like receptor 4 gene (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) and susceptibility for toxoplasmosis. A total of 50 aborted women with IgM seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii and 50 aborted women with IgM seronegative for Toxoplasma gondii as controls were included in this study. DNA was extracted from the blood samples taken from these participants. TLR4 gene was amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Genotyping of the SNPs of interest were subjected for direct sequencing by (Macrogen /Korea), and the resultant sequences were compared with reference sequences in NCBI by using Bio edit software. The frequency of the heterozygous genotype (AG) was higher in patients than controls (20% versus 6%) with a significant difference (OR=3.92, 95%CI=1.01-15.22, p=0.037). Among the haplotype blocks, only ACC was significantly less frequent among patients than controls (85% versus 94%, p=0.038), while frequencies of other haplotypes were very close between patients and controls. The mutant allele (G) of the SNP Asp299Gly may be considered as a risk factor for toxoplasmosis and stimulate abortion in pregnant women.

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TLR4 in Toxoplasmosis; friends or foe?

Cited by 41 publications

References 46 publications

The Possible Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Pathology of Stroke

The Possible Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in the Pathology of Stroke

Toxoplasma gondii Histone 4 Affects Some Functions of Murine Ana‐1 Macrophages In Vitro

The Role of TLR4 Gene Polymorphism and Haplotypes in the Susceptibility to Toxoplasmosis in Iraqi Aborted Women

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