Titanium serum and urine levels in rabbits with a titanium implant in the absence of wear

Surface deterioration and elemental composition of retrieved orthodontic miniscrews

“…[26][27][28] In contrast, pure titanium is highly resistant to corrosion in any in-vivo environment likely to be encountered; however, its low strength limits its use as an implant.…”

Early detachment of titanium particles from various different surfaces of endosseous dental implants

“…On the other hand, clinical studies have reported hypersensitivity and allergic reactions to Ti [6,7], increase in Ti serum concentration [8], as well as the presence of the metal in the urine [9], peri-implant tissues or other organs [9][10][11]. Small Ti particles of unloaded implants have also been found inside the periimplant medullary spaces of some animals 3 months after surgery; these metal debris have been hypothesised to increase Ti dispersion in blood vessels, on account of the high vascularisation of medullary tissues [12].…”

Effects of Biological Factors on the Repassivation Current of Titanium

“…When titanium materials are implanted into a living body, metallic elements are detected from tissues near the materials and organs in it. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Parts of biomedical devices, such as bone plates and screws, the head of an artificial joint, and dental restoratives, are exposed to scratches, dents, and fretting in the body. In this case, the main cause of the release of the elements is wear.…”

“…In this case, the main cause of the release of the elements is wear. Even without wear, metallic elements are detected in the body [3][4][5][6][7][8] because of the dissolution due to chemical factors. These metallic elements are released from the materials as wear debris and metal ions, existing in the body as wear debris, ions, and their compounds such as oxides, hydroxides, salts, and complexes that may be combined with biomolecules.…”