Titanium nanoparticles potentially affect gingival tissue through IL-13α2 receptor expression

Abstract

Purpose: To determine the effects of titanium nanoparticles, that may have been scattered after dental implant placement, on gene and promoter expression, and gingival tissue. Methods: Ca9-22 cell lines were used as gingival epithelial cells to assess the effects of titanium dioxide nanomaterials as titanium nanoparticles. Cells were cocultured with or without titanium dioxide nanomaterials prior to gene and promoter expression analysis. Expression of interleukin-13α2 receptor was investigated using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence staining. Additionally, the enhanced messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of transforming growth factor β1 was analyzed using the same method. Results: Titanium dioxide nanomaterials affected gene and promoter expression in Ca9-22 cells: among the 160 upregulated genes, the upregulation of IL13RA2, which encodes interleukin-13α2 receptor, was the highest (8.625 log 2 fold change). Immunofluorescence staining confirmed the increased expression of interleukin-13α2 receptor, which enhanced transforming growth factor β1 expression by stimulation with interleukin-13. Conclusion: Titanium dioxide nanomaterials applied on the gingival epithelium around the dental implant may increase interleukin-13α2 receptor expression. In turn, this can enhance the secretion of transforming growth factor β1, which is known to promote the differentiation of osteoclasts involved in bone resorption, and potentially affect gingival tissue.

Uptake of Nanotitania by Gingival Epithelial Cells Promotes Inflammatory Response and Is Accelerated by Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide: An In Vitro Study

“…Peri-implantitis is thought to be mainly caused by oral bacteria, but it is possible that the action of nanotitania, which has not been thoroughly investigated, causes a reaction in immune cells and is involved in the destruction of periodontal tissue including the jawbone. In fact, it has been reported that nanotitania increases the expression of the interleukin (IL)-13α2 receptor in gingival epithelial cells and promotes the production of transforming growth factor β1 [ 19 ]. PgLPS can cause an inflammatory response in various types of cells, such as macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and gingival epithelial cells, through activation of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 [ 20 ].…”