Titanium in Cast Cu-Sn Alloys—A Review

Abstract

The article reviews the progress made on bronze alloys processed through various casting techniques, and focuses on enhancements in the microstructural characteristics, hardness, tensile properties, and tribological behaviour of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Copper and its alloys have found several applications in the fields of automobiles, marine and machine tools specifically for propellers in submarines, bearings, and bushings. It has also been reported that bronze alloys are especially used as an anti-wear and friction-reducing material to make high performance bearings for roller cone cock bits and warships for defence purposes. In these applications, properties like tensile strength, yield strength, fatigue strength, elongation, hardness, impact strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are very important; however, these bronze alloys possess only moderate hardness, which results in low wear resistance, thereby limiting the application of these alloys in the automobile industry. The major factor that influences the properties of bronze alloys is the microstructure. Morphological changes in these bronze alloys are achieved through different manufacturing techniques, such as casting, heat treatment, and alloy addition, which enhance the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion characteristics. Alloying of Ti to cast Cu-Sn is very effective in changing the microstructure of bronze alloys. Reinforcing the bronze matrix with several ceramic particles and surface modifications also improves the properties of bronze alloys. The present article reviews the techniques involved in changing the microstructure and enhancing the mechanical and tribological behaviours of cast Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Moreover, this article also reviews the industrial applications and future scope of these cast alloys in the automobile and marine industries.

Effects of Cu-Ni-Ti Interlayer on Microstructure and Wear Resistance around Gas Tungsten Arc Cladding Copper Matrix Composite Coatings on Steel

“…The cladding materials included Cu-Al-Ti-Sn flux-cored wires for preparing copper matrix composite coatings, Cu-Ni-Ti fluxcored wires for preparing the interlayer, and S214 commercial aluminum-bronze wires for comparison with composite coatings in wear resistance. Al and Sn in the welding wires can strengthen the copper matrix, and Ti can react with C in situ to form TiC, which improves the wear resistance of the coatings [33][34][35]. All wires were 1.6 mm in diameter, and the chemical compositions are given in Table 2.…”

“…According to the phase diagrams of Cu-Ni and Fe-Ni [34], Ni has a high solid solubility in both Fe and Cu. Therefore, Ni can promote the mixing of Fe and Cu in the molten pool and increase their mutual solubility [36].…”

Dealloying-derived nanoporous Sn-doped copper with prior selectivity toward formate for CO2 electrochemical reduction

“…As for np-Cu 1 Sn 1 , Sn signals (PDF#04-007-2340) become strong, indicating severe Sn precipitation due to the large density difference. 10 Apart from Cu, CuSn alloy (PDF#04-007-2340) is formed on the np-Cu 1 Sn 1 .…”

Advances in High-Performance Non-Ferrous Materials

“…Li et al [ 18 ] revealed the microstructural evolution of lamellar-structured high-purity Ni through cold rolling and cryo-rolling. Finally, Manu et al [ 19 ] reviewed the roles of titanium in cast Cu alloys. Their review work summarizes various casting techniques to fabricate bronze alloys, mainly focusing on the microstructures, tensile properties, and tribological characteristics of Cu–Sn and Cu–Sn–Ti alloys [ 19 ].…”

“…Finally, Manu et al [ 19 ] reviewed the roles of titanium in cast Cu alloys. Their review work summarizes various casting techniques to fabricate bronze alloys, mainly focusing on the microstructures, tensile properties, and tribological characteristics of Cu–Sn and Cu–Sn–Ti alloys [ 19 ]. All these theoretical and experimental works aforementioned in this SI will shed new light on fabricating the non-ferrous materials with high performances.…”