Titanium implants with oxidized surfaces: the background and long-term results

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of different implant surface modification technologies—including the presentation of a new technique, involving the formation of a ceramic titanium oxide coating. Three techniques are used to modify metal surfaces: (1) addition of material, (2) removal of material and (3) modification of material already present, e.g. by means of laser or electron-beam thermal treatment. The new technique outlined in this paper relates to the production of a corrosion-resistant, 2000–2500 Å thick, ceramic oxide layer with a consistent crystalline structure on the surface of a titanium implant. The layer is grown electrochemically from the bulk of the metal and modified by heat treatment. Such ceramic oxide-coated implants have advantageous properties compared to implants covered with other coatings: a higher external hardness; a greater force of adhesion between the titanium and the ceramic oxide coating; virtually perfect insulation between an organism and a metal and therefore no possibility of triggering metal allergy. Plates and screws for maxillofacial osteosynthesis and dental root implants with ceramic oxide coatings were subjected to various physical, chemical and electron microscope tests for qualitative characterization, and have been applied in surgical practice over a period of 15 years. The mini-plates removed were examined for the possible surface alterations which may occur during the implantation period. The sites of the removal were inspected for metallosis, which is common when titanium mini-plates are used. The results obtained demonstrate the good properties of the ceramic oxide-coated implants.

Plasma mediated collagen‐I‐coating of metal implant materials to improve biocompatibility

“…At present heat plasma spraying techniques are commonly used for deposition of bioactive materials (e.g., hydroxyl‐apatite) to elude this unresolved issues 6, 7. The disadvantage is that these heat treatment techniques usually produce a rather thick, uneven and less flexible coating 8. In addition to that the operating temperature up to 2000°C makes this method unfeasible for heat sensitive coatings such as adhesive proteins and growth factors or for the treatment of heat sensitive materials.…”

Characterization and Evaluation of Surface Modified Titanium Alloy by Pulse Nd:YAG Laser for Orthopaedic Applications: an Invivo Study

“…These substrate characteristics may directly influence cell adhesion, spreading and signaling, events that regulate a wide variety of biological functions [Sikavitsas et al, 2001;Sun et al, 2001;Ronold & Ellingsen (b) , 2002; Ronold et al, 2003]. Numerous surface treatments including Ion implantation [Beraceras et al, 2002, Tan et al, 2003Assmann et al, 2007], coating [Vercaigne et al, 1998;Ong et al, 1997;Toth et al, 2002;Morra et al, 2003;Tian et al, 2004;Eisenbarth et al, 2007], shot blast [Darvell et al, 1995;Kawaura et al, 2002;Aparicio et al, 2003], machining [Sahin & Sur, 2004], plasma spray [Khor et al, 1999;Yang & Change, 2001], plasma nitrid [Galvanetto et al, 2002], nitrogen diffusion hardening [Venugopalan et al, 2000] are some of the relatively older techniques in the field of material processing which can be used to change implant's surface topography. But perhaps the laser-assisted method has recently received more attention and has been successful in meeting the new objectives in this field which is mainly because of its wavelength selectivity, coherency, very low thermal or mechanical damage, high accuracy, control and less pollution during laser treatment process.…”

Scanning Electron Microscope for Characterising of Micro- and Nanostructured Titanium Surfaces

“…Moreover, the biological performance of implantable titanium depends crucially on their surface topography in the micrometre (structures larger than 1 micron) and nanometre (structures smaller than 1 micron) range. Surface micro-and nano-topography can reduced inflammatory and guide direct osteoblast responses by altering adhesion, recruitment, movement, morphology, apoptosis and gene expression, and subsequently protein production [23][24][25]. An anodisation is a simple and an inexpensive technique to prepare thin film titania on titanium surface in different conditions and electrolytes such as acidic, basic, neutral, organic and inorganic which affect surface architecture and chemical composition [26][27].…”