Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications

Niinomi, Mitsuo; Boehlert, C. J.

doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46836-4_8

Cited by 70 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…These metal-protein complexes can act as antigens for eliciting hypersensitivity responses [ 190 ]. In general, titanium and titanium alloys are considered to be biocompatible materials for implantation due to a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) that forms on the implant surface [ 191 ]. Released ions from titanium debris after implantation also have the potential to combine with native proteins forming a protein-metal complex, become immunogenic, and elicit a Type-IV (T-cell mediated) response [ 192 , 193 , 194 , 195 ].…”

Section: The Effect Of Chemistry and Physical Features Of Biomatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials

et al. 2015

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All biomaterials, when implanted in vivo, elicit cellular and tissue responses. These responses include the inflammatory and wound healing responses, foreign body reactions, and fibrous encapsulation of the implanted materials. Macrophages are myeloid immune cells that are tactically situated throughout the tissues, where they ingest and degrade dead cells and foreign materials in addition to orchestrating inflammatory processes. Macrophages and their fused morphologic variants, the multinucleated giant cells, which include the foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) are the dominant early responders to biomaterial implantation and remain at biomaterial-tissue interfaces for the lifetime of the device. An essential aspect of macrophage function in the body is to mediate degradation of bio-resorbable materials including bone through extracellular degradation and phagocytosis. Biomaterial surface properties play a crucial role in modulating the foreign body reaction in the first couple of weeks following implantation. The foreign body reaction may impact biocompatibility of implantation devices and may considerably impact short- and long-term success in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, necessitating a clear understanding of the foreign body reaction to different implantation materials. The focus of this review article is on the interactions of macrophages and foreign body giant cells with biomaterial surfaces, and the physical, chemical and morphological characteristics of biomaterial surfaces that play a role in regulating the foreign body response. Events in the foreign body response include protein adsorption, adhesion of monocytes/macrophages, fusion to form FBGCs, and the consequent modification of the biomaterial surface. The effect of physico-chemical cues on macrophages is not well known and there is a complex interplay between biomaterial properties and those that result from interactions with the local environment. By having a better understanding of the role of macrophages in the tissue healing processes, especially in events that follow biomaterial implantation, we can design novel biomaterials-based tissue-engineered constructs that elicit a favorable immune response upon implantation and perform for their intended applications.

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Section: The Effect Of Chemistry and Physical Features Of Biomatermentioning

confidence: 99%

Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials

et al. 2015

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“…It contains low levels of interstitials that have improved mechanical and thermal properties than grade 5. These properties include fracture and corrosion resistance, wear and cryogenic properties [3,4]. A number of machining methods are employed to fabricate desired shapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Investigation of Surface Integrity of Ti6Al4V ELI Using Si-Mixed Electric Discharge Machining

et al. 2020

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Surface modification is given vital importance in the biomedical industry to cope with surface tissue growth problems. Conventionally, basic surface treatment methods are used which include physical and chemical deposition. The major drawbacks associated with these methods are excessive cost and poor adhesion of coating with implant material. To generate a bioactive surface on an implant, electric discharge machining (EDM) is a promising and emerging technology which simultaneously serves as machining and surface modification technique. Besides the surface topology, implant material plays a very important role in surgical applications. From various implant materials, titanium (Ti6Al4V ELI) alloy is the best choice for long-term hard body tissue replacement due to its superior engineering, excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. In this research, EDM’s surface characteristics are explored using Si powder mixed in dielectric on Ti6Al4V ELI. The effect of powder concentration (5 g/L, 10 g/L and 20 g/L) along with pulse current and pulse on time is investigated on micro and nanoscale surface topography. Optimized process parameters having a 5 g/L powder concentration result in 2.76 μm surface roughness and 13.80 μm recast layer thickness. Furthermore, a nano-structured (50–200 nm) biocompatible surface is fabricated on the surface for better cell attachment and growth. A highly favourable carbon enriched surface is confirmed through EDS which increases adhesion and proliferation of human osteoblasts.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The values of E bone were calculated and assigned for each element by using the Bonemat software (Taddei et al, 2007). The screw was considered isotropic and homogeneous with Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of Titanium: E screw = 102 GPa, ν screw = 0.36 (Niinomi and Boehlert, 2015). The model was loaded with a quasi-static uniformly distributed force of 200 N (100 N per screw) applied to the head of the screw in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the screw and perpendicular to the superior endplate, toward the caudal direction (Chen et al, 2003;Biswas et al, 2019; Figure 1).…”

Section: Generation Of the Fe Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patient-Specific Finite Element Models of Posterior Pedicle Screw Fixation: Effect of Screw’s Size and Geometry

Sensale

Vendeuvre

Schilling³

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Pedicle screw fixation is extensively performed to treat spine injuries or diseases and it is common for thoracolumbar fractures. Post-operative complications may arise from this surgery leading to back pain or revisions. Finite element (FE) models could be used to predict the outcomes of surgeries but should be verified when both simplified and realistic designs of screws are used. The aim of this study was to generate patient-specific Computed Tomography (CT)-based FE models of human vertebrae with two pedicle screws, verify the models, and use them to evaluate the effect of the screws’ size and geometry on the mechanical properties of the screws-vertebra structure. FE models of the lumbar vertebra implanted with two pedicle screws were created from anonymized CT-scans of three patients. Compressive loads were applied to the head of the screws. The mesh size was optimized for realistic and simplified geometry of the screws with a mesh refinement study. Finally, the optimal mesh size was used to evaluate the sensitivity of the model to changes in screw’s size (diameter and length) and geometry (realistic or simplified). For both simplified and realistic models, element sizes of 0.6 mm in the screw and 1.0 mm in the bone allowed to obtain relative differences of approximately 5% or lower. Changes in screw’s length resulted in 4–10% differences in maximum deflection, 1–6% differences in peak stress in the screws, 10–22% differences in mean strain in the bone around the screw; changes in screw’s diameter resulted in 28–36% differences in maximum deflection, 6–27% differences in peak stress in the screws, and 30–47% differences in mean strain in the bone around the screw. The maximum deflection predicted with realistic or simplified screws correlated very well (R2 = 0.99). The peak stress in screws with realistic or simplified design correlated well (R2 = 0.82) but simplified models underestimated the peak stress. In conclusion, the results showed that the diameter of the screw has a major role on the mechanics of the screw-vertebral structure for each patient. Simplified screws can be used to estimate the mechanical properties of the implanted vertebrae, but the systematic underestimation of the peak stress should be considered when interpreting the results from the FE analyses.

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Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications

Cited by 70 publications

References 106 publications

Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials

Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials

On the Investigation of Surface Integrity of Ti6Al4V ELI Using Si-Mixed Electric Discharge Machining

Patient-Specific Finite Element Models of Posterior Pedicle Screw Fixation: Effect of Screw’s Size and Geometry

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