Tissue-Specific Inducible Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes in Drosophila Surface Epithelia

Tzou, Phoebe; Ohresser, Serge; Ferrandon, Dominique; Capovilla, Maria; Reichhart, Jean‐Marc; Lemaître, Bruno; Hoffmann, Jules A.; Imler, Jean‐Luc

doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00072-8

Cited by 535 publications

(552 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…In various insect species, such as cockroaches, beetles (Coleoptera) and fleas, the proventriculus is a grinding apparatus with strong cuticular plates that can break up food 17 . Circular muscles surround the proventriculus, which can also be an immuno-reactive organ, for example in D. melanogaster 18 and Tsetse flies 19 (Diptera). Colonization of this organ by bacteria plays an important role in the interaction of Y. pestis with fleas 20 (see below).…”

Section: Ingestion Of Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…36), P. entomophila 31 and S. marcescens 33 . This local response is mediated by the nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway called Imd 18,45 , through the recognition of Gram-negative peptidoglycan by the peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), such as PGRP-LC 46 …”

Section: Immune Defences In the Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A central role in gut tolerance to bacteria has been attributed to amidase PGRPs (PGRP-LB and PGRP-SC) as they abrogate the immunostimulatory activity of peptidoglycan fragments that are released by commensals 46,47 . It is also interesting to note the existence of specialization in the gut epithelium as only parts of the epithelium are immunoreactive, whereas bacteria are present throughout the midgut after infection 18,30,31 .…”

Section: Immune Defences In the Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the systemic response, insects rely on a local immune response that allows the synthesis of AMPs and reactive oxygen species in surface epithelia, such as gut or trachea, in a tissue-specific manner 18,45,96 . It has been proposed that the systemic immune response that is induced during gut infection is mediated by the translocation of peptidoglycan fragments from the gut lumen to the haemolymph 46,47 .…”

Section: Box 2 | Insect Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial strategies to overcome insect defences

2008

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| Recent genetic and molecular analyses have revealed how several strategies enable bacteria to persist and overcome insect immune defences. Genetic and genomic tools that can be used with Drosophila melanogaster have enabled the characterization of the pathways that are used by insects to detect bacterial invaders and combat infection. Conservation of bacterial virulence factors and insect immune repertoires indicates that there are common strategies of host invasion and pathogen eradication. Long-term interactions of bacteria with insects might ensure efficient dissemination of pathogens to other hosts, including humans. R E V I E W S302 | APRIL 2008 | voLUME 6 www.nature.com/reviews/micro

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Section: Ingestion Of Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Defences In the Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Defences In the Gutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Box 2 | Insect Immune Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial strategies to overcome insect defences

2008

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“…We followed Dipt induction using a reporter construct in which GFP expression is controlled by the Dipt promoter (Dipt-GFP). This reporter mimics the infection-induced expression of the endogenous Dipt gene (Tzou et al 2000).…”

Section: No Is a Signaling Molecule In The Imd/rel Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric oxide contributes to induction of innate immune responses to gram-negative bacteria inDrosophila

Foley

O’Farrell²

2003

Genes Dev.

238

241

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Studies in mammals uncovered important signaling roles of nitric oxide (NO), and contributions to innate immunity. Suggestions of conservation led us to explore the involvement of NO in Drosophila innate immunity. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) increased larval sensitivity to gram-negative bacterial infection, and abrogated induction of the antimicrobial peptide Diptericin. NOS was up-regulated after infection. Antimicrobial peptide reporters revealed that NO triggered an immune response in uninfected larvae. NO induction of Diptericin reporters in the fat body required immune deficiency (imd) and domino. These findings show that NOS activity is required for a robust innate immune response to gram-negative bacteria, NOS is induced by infection, and NO is sufficient to trigger response in the absence of infection. We propose that NO mediates an early step of the signal transduction pathway, inducing the innate immune response upon natural infection with gram-negative bacteria.

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Drosophila Innate Immunity

Moule

2010

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Drosophila melanogaster is a useful model for studying innate immunity that has been used to identify and characterise the role of the Toll pathway and nuclear factor‐κB (NFκB) signalling in both insects and mammals. When flies encounter a pathogen, two pattern recognition pathways, Toll and imd, induce a humoral immune response consisting primarily of antimicrobial peptide production. Drosophila also has a cellular immune response in which phagocytic cells engulf and destroy foreign invaders; a melanisation response that generates reactive oxygen species; and an antiviral RNAi ( ribonucleic acid interference) response. Application of Drosophila model has already taught us much about innate immunity. As we expand our research to take a more comprehensive look at how a host responds to infection and what determines the outcome of that infection we can continue to learn more about this complex system from the simple fruitfly. Key Concepts: Drosophila can be used as a model system to study the innate immune system. The Drosophila immunity consists of humoral, cellular and melanisation responses. The humoral immune response involves antimicrobial peptide production, which is induced by the recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by patter recognition receptors (PRRs). Two NFκB signalling pathways, Toll and imd, regulate the AMP response to fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens. The cellular immune response is enacted by phagocytic cells known as hemocytes. The melanisation response encapsulates foreign invaders with melanin and produces reactive oxygen species to kill microbes. The fly also has barrier epithelia, native intestinal flora and an RNAi antiviral response which contribute to innate immunity. Physiological and environmental factors can affect the outcome of an infection, including sleep and additional immune challenges. The susceptibility of a fruitfly to bacterial infection depends both on its ability to resist a pathogenic infection and prevent bacterial growth and also its ability to tolerate the bacteria and the consequences of its own immune response.

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Tissue-Specific Inducible Expression of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes in Drosophila Surface Epithelia

Cited by 535 publications

References 56 publications

Bacterial strategies to overcome insect defences

Bacterial strategies to overcome insect defences

Nitric oxide contributes to induction of innate immune responses to gram-negative bacteria inDrosophila

Drosophila Innate Immunity

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