Abstract:Tissue engineering is a systematic approach of assembling cells onto a 3D scaffold to form a functional tissue in the presence of critical growth factors. The scaffolding system guides stem cells through topological, physiochemical, and mechanical cues to differentiate and integrate to form a functional tissue. However, cellular communication during tissue formation taking place in a reactor needs to be understood properly to enable appropriate positioning of the cells in a 3D environment. Hence, sensors and a… Show more
“…These findings suggest that the remote control of ligandcoupling is cytocompatible and temporally regulates focal adhesion and mechanosensing-mediated potential differentiation of stem cells in vivo, thereby presenting bright prospects for novel dynamic regenerative therapies. [80,81] Approval (KOREA-2021-0006) was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea University prior to the surgery.…”
Section: Dynamic Control Of Ligand Coupling Temporally Regulates Mech...mentioning
In natural microenvironment, various proteins containing adhesive ligands in fibrous and non‐fibrous structures dynamically couple and decouple to regulate stem cell fate. Herein, materials presenting movably couplable ligands are developed by grafting liganded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to a substrate followed by flexibly grafting liganded movable linear nanomaterials (MLNs) to the substrate via a long bendable linker, thereby creating a space between the MLNs and the AuNPs in the decoupled state. Magnetic control of the MLNs decreases this space via the bending of the linker to couple the MLNs to the AuNPs. Remote control of ligand coupling stimulates integrin recruitment to the coupled ligands, thereby non‐toxically facilitating the focal adhesion, mechanosensing, and potential differentiation of stem cells, which is suppressed by ligand decoupling. Versatile tuning of size, aspect ratio, distributions, and ligands of the MLNs can help to decipher dynamic ligand‐coupling‐dependent stem cell fate to advance regenerative therapies.
“…These findings suggest that the remote control of ligandcoupling is cytocompatible and temporally regulates focal adhesion and mechanosensing-mediated potential differentiation of stem cells in vivo, thereby presenting bright prospects for novel dynamic regenerative therapies. [80,81] Approval (KOREA-2021-0006) was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Korea University prior to the surgery.…”
Section: Dynamic Control Of Ligand Coupling Temporally Regulates Mech...mentioning
In natural microenvironment, various proteins containing adhesive ligands in fibrous and non‐fibrous structures dynamically couple and decouple to regulate stem cell fate. Herein, materials presenting movably couplable ligands are developed by grafting liganded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to a substrate followed by flexibly grafting liganded movable linear nanomaterials (MLNs) to the substrate via a long bendable linker, thereby creating a space between the MLNs and the AuNPs in the decoupled state. Magnetic control of the MLNs decreases this space via the bending of the linker to couple the MLNs to the AuNPs. Remote control of ligand coupling stimulates integrin recruitment to the coupled ligands, thereby non‐toxically facilitating the focal adhesion, mechanosensing, and potential differentiation of stem cells, which is suppressed by ligand decoupling. Versatile tuning of size, aspect ratio, distributions, and ligands of the MLNs can help to decipher dynamic ligand‐coupling‐dependent stem cell fate to advance regenerative therapies.
“…Our dynamic manipulation of RGD bridging can elucidate the dynamics of host macrophages interacting with ECM proteins that regulate the integrin receptor recruitment-dependent pro-healing tissue regeneration. [62,63]…”
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins containing cell-attachableArg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences exhibit variable bridging and non-bridging in fibronectincollagen and laminin-collagen complexes that can regulate inflammation, tissue repair, and wound healing. In this study, linking molecule-mediated conjugation of 1D magnetic nanocylinders (MNCs) to material surfaces pre-decorated with gold nanospheres (GNSs) is performed, thereby yielding RGD-coated MNCs (RGD-MNCs) over RGD-coated GNSs (RGD-GNSs) in a non-bridging state. The RGD-MNCs are drawn closer to the RGD-GNSs via magnetic field-mediated compression of the linking molecules to establish the bridging between them. Relative proportion of the RGD-MNCs to the RGD-GNSs is optimized to yield effective remote stimulation of integrin binding to variably bridged RGDs similar to that of invariably bridged RGDs used as a control group. Remote manipulation of the RGD bridging facilitates the attachment structure assembly of macrophages that leads to pro-healing/ anti-inflammatory phenotype acquisition. In contrast, the non-bridged RGDs inhibited macrophage attachment that acquired pro-inflammatory phenotypes. The use of various nanomaterials in constructing heterogeneous RGDcoated materials can further offer various modes in remote switching of RGD bridging and non-bridging to understand dynamic integrin-mediated modulation of macrophages that regulate immunomodulatory responses, such as foreign body responses, tissue repair, and wound healing.
“…[46][47][48] The fluid flow through these scaffolds also causes shear stress known as wall shear stress (WSS), which again acts as a mechanical stimulus. 49 Studies have revealed that the fluid properties, such as velocity and viscosity, affect the cell attachment and proliferation. For example, a scaffold surface subjected to higher WSS under accelerated fluid flow may damage cell attachment, while slow fluid flow may be not sufficient to generate the mechanical stimuli that affect cell proliferation and differentiation.…”
Section: Role Of Scaffold Mechanics On the Mechanobiology Of Cells Or...mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The use of smart materials that can be employed for designing scaffolds using AM technologies can help in sensing, and simultaneous responding to the cellular microenvironment during tissue development is becoming a reality. 49 With the proper selection of infiltrated material and incorporation of complex and load-bearing geometrical design, hybrid composites of polymers, bioceramics and degradable metals could be the next generation material of choice over the established metallic bone plates, which have the major drawback of a second surgery for the removal of these metallic bio implants. The hybrid composite contains calcium and phosphate ions (known for their osteointegration abilities), which further promotes bone ingrowth.…”
Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning
There are more than 2 million bone grafting procedures performed annually in US alone. Despite significant efforts, the repair of large segmental bone defects is a substantial clinical challenge which...
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