Tissue Irritation Induced in Turkeys by Fowl Cholera Bacterins

Ahmed, Olayiwola Akeem; Olson, L. D.; McCune, E. L.

doi:10.2307/1589017

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Attempts to stain tissues immunocytochemically for the two major antigenic constituents in the vaccine (C. fetus and E. coli) were unsuccessful (D. Haines, personal communication), probably because of extraction of vaccine components during routine tissue processing for light microscopy. Amorphous or crystalline material suggestive of aluminum oxide particles 15,36,42 was absent in giant cells, and histologic lesions in loin muscle and epidural fat were more consistent with published descriptions of tissue reactions to water-in-oil adjuvants 1,6,17,24,29,41,52,55 which have been variously described as "oil granulomas"…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…42 The vaccine contained a high concentration of endotoxin, which could have contributed to the intensity of local inflammation and tissue necrosis 1,14 One of the 2 lots of vaccine tested was assayed independently by USDA-APHIS, and nearly identical levels of endotoxin were found (J. H. Payne, personal communication). Systemic signs of endotoxemia 10 were not however recognized in vaccinated cows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,28 Adjuvants such as Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA), peanut oil, and aluminum hydroxide may cause persistent lesions at the site of injection. 1,2,15,17,18,23,25,36,41,46, The histologic nature of these lesions has been de- Received for publication May 21, 1994. appears to be higher in vaccines that contain bacterial components 14 and objectionable localized granulomas may occur in cattle following the use of water-in-oil adjuvanted Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis bacterms.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Iatrogenic Compressive Lumbar Myelopathy and Radiculopathy in Adult Cattle following Injection of an Adjuvanted Bacterin into Loin Muscle: Histopathology and Ultrastructure

O’Toole¹,

McAllister²,

Griggs³

1995

J VET Diagn Invest

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Abstract.Compressive lumbar myelopathy is a recognized iatrogenic complication of injecting water-in-oil vaccines into paravertebral sites of laboratory animals and chickens. Herein, we report the histologic and ultrastructural features of a similar complication in a herd of cattle. Iatrogenic posterior paresis developed over 34 days in 56 of 610 cows (9.2%) following injection of a commercial bacterin 11-34 days earlier into M. longissimus lumborum. The bacterin was composed of inactivated Escherichia coli and Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis in a proprietary adjuvant. Tissues were collected for histopathology from 9 affected cattle that died or were euthanized after clinical signs lasting 6-38 days. A range of tissues, including the injection site lesion and lumbar spinal nerve roots, was obtained for ultrastructural examination from a cow with paresis of 31 days duration. There was locally extensive pyogranulomatous myositis with fibrosis and necrosis in right M. longissimus lumborum. Extension of the lesion into the vertebral canal via spinal nerve foramina resulted in focal pyogranulomatous inflammation in epidural fat and in adjacent dura mater. There was axonal degeneration in dorsal, lateral, and ventral columns and chromatolysis of spinal motor neurons in lumbar spinal cord, secondary to compression. A distinctive histologic and ultrastructural feature of pyogranulomata was the presence of osmiophilic material at the center of inflammatory foci, surrounded by macrophages and giant cells that contained intracytoplasmic lipid droplets. Ultrastructural examination of entrapped spinal nerves revealed axonal degeneration and loss of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers, segmental demyelination with remyelination, axonal spheroid formation, and early axonal regeneration. Two cattle also had bilaterally symmetrical acute myodegeneration with sarcoplasmic mineralization and secondary histiocytic myositis in axial and appendicular muscles, probably due to prolonged recumbency and vascular compromise (downer cow myopathy). Paresis probably developed as the result of the combination of a paravertebral injection site and the florid granulomatous response elicited by a constituent in the vaccine, most likely the water-in-oil adjuvant.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iatrogenic Compressive Lumbar Myelopathy and Radiculopathy in Adult Cattle following Injection of an Adjuvanted Bacterin into Loin Muscle: Histopathology and Ultrastructure

O’Toole¹,

McAllister²,

Griggs³

1995

J VET Diagn Invest

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“…Affected birds are often depressed, display loss of appetite, and present various degrees of lameness or neck posture abnormalities, depending on the site of inoculation. 1 Poxviruses have a particular affinity for the epithelium, particularly the unfeathered parts of the skin; however, they have the potential to invade other epithelial tissues as well, and infections involving the eyelids, mucous membranes of the mouth and esophagus, tracheal epithelium, and, in some cases, the tissues of the lower respiratory tract and lungs are not uncommon in chickens during outbreaks of FP. 2 Other specialized epithelial structures such as cornea, feather follicles, and oil glands may be infected experimentally, illustrating the potential of the virus to infect a wide range of tissue types.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 The virus is now recognized as an endemic infection in commercial swine herds worldwide. 1 Subsequently, the pathogenic potential of PCV2, alone and in combination with various infectious and noninfectious cofactors, has been demonstrated, and the virus has been implicated as the necessary cause of PMWS. 1,3,6 The host range of PCV2 is controversial.…”

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confidence: 99%

Postural and Neurological Deficits in Broiler Chicks after Cervical Vaccination with Live Vaccine

et al. 2003

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Abstract.A disease characterized by paresis and paralysis was seen in 7-9-day-old broiler chicks after vaccination in the neck area at day-of-age with a live virus vaccine containing viruses of Marek's disease, fowl pox, and infectious bursal disease. Affected birds presented with variable signs of ataxia, lateral recumbency, leg paralysis, and twisting or S-shaped flexure of the neck. Gross lesions noted at necropsy included swelling and edema of the subcutaneous tissues and muscles of the neck at the injection site area. A heavy mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration was seen in the subcutaneous tissues, connective tissues, and muscles of the neck at the injection site. In some cases, the inflammatory process extended along fascial planes to involve the epidural spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Fatty changes with possible demyelination of nerve fibers were noted in some sections of the spinal cord adjacent to the inflammatory lesions. Clusters of poxviruses were found within some inflammatory lesions on transmission electron photomicrographs.A total of 8 separate submissions of broiler chicks showing twisting or S-shaped flexure of the neck, ataxia, lateral recumbency, and various degrees of paresis and paralysis were made to the Turlock branch laboratory of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, beginning in 1995. Morbidity and mortality rates in the 7-9-day-old chicks approached 6% or more in some affected flocks, primarily because of dehydration and starvation. Within 3-4 days of the onset of the problems, most affected birds either died or were culled out. All affected birds had originated from the same hatchery, where they had been vaccinated in the neck area at day-of-age with a live virus vaccine containing Marek's disease (MD) virus, including SB-1 and turkey herpes virus (THV), fowl pox (FP) virus, and infectious bursal disease (IBD) virus. Penicillin, streptomycin, and fungizone were added to the vaccine as preservatives. Necropsy findings included swelling and edema of the subcutaneous tissues of the neck area, with yellowish discoloration and occasional petechial hemorrhages in affected tissues. Inflammation of the subcutaneous tissues, muscles, and connective tissues of the neck was evident, with a heavy infiltration of lymphocytes, macrophages, and reticular cells (Fig. 1). In some cases, the inflammatory process extended along fascial planes to involve the epidural spaces surrounding the spinal cord (Fig. 2). Cellular enlargement and vacuolization of epithelioid cells were noted microscopically in some areas of the inflammatory process (Fig. 3). Clusters of viral particles with typical poxvirus morphology were noted within some lesions on electron photomicrographs (Fig. 4). shown) were noted in some areas of the spinal cord adjacent to the mass of inflammatory cells occupying the epidural space.Attempts were made to isolate bacteria from the subcutaneous tissues of the neck at the injection site area and from the brain and liver tissues of affected birds. No bacte...

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Developmental, Metabolic, and Other Noninfectious Disorders

Crespo¹

2019

Diseases of Poultry

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Tissue Irritation Induced in Turkeys by Fowl Cholera Bacterins

Cited by 17 publications

References 4 publications

Iatrogenic Compressive Lumbar Myelopathy and Radiculopathy in Adult Cattle following Injection of an Adjuvanted Bacterin into Loin Muscle: Histopathology and Ultrastructure

Iatrogenic Compressive Lumbar Myelopathy and Radiculopathy in Adult Cattle following Injection of an Adjuvanted Bacterin into Loin Muscle: Histopathology and Ultrastructure

Postural and Neurological Deficits in Broiler Chicks after Cervical Vaccination with Live Vaccine

Developmental, Metabolic, and Other Noninfectious Disorders

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