Abstract:During two decades ago, Iran has exhibited remarkable increase in scientific publication in different aspects including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM). The field of TERM in Iran dates comes back to the early part of the 1990 and the advent of stem cell researches. Nowadays, Iran is one of the privileged countries in stem cell therapy in the Middle East. The next major milestone in TERM was application and fabrication of scaffolds for tissue engineering in the early 2000s with a focus on en… Show more
“…A rare example of research with an impact found in the literature was from Royan Institute, an Iranian stem cell research center approved by MOHME in 1998, where research is translated into medical services. It was reported that the center provides stem cell therapy for skin and cartilage disorders [ 145 ]. Finally, in 2003, it was reported that 13 national research studies had led to an improvement or change in the health system, while about 20 national guidelines for use in the health system had been reformulated based on the outcomes of locally conducted research (references to specific studies were not given)[ 21 ].…”
BackgroundA substantial growth has been reported in Iran’s health research output over the last recent decades, throughout the times of economic, social, and political instability. This study reviewed the existing literature to provide a better understanding of the evolution of Iran’s health research system over this period.MethodsA narrative review of studies addressing health research system (HRS) in Iran was performed. The search strategy and categorization of the retrieved data was informed by the HRS framework of the World Health Organization (WHO). This framework proposes four functions for HRS: (i) stewardship; (ii) financing; (iii) creating and sustaining resources; and (iv) producing and using research. Searches in MEDLINE through PubMed (using MeSH terms) complemented with semantic searches through PubMed and Google Scholar were conducted.ResultsAfter removing the duplicates, 805 articles were retrieved, of which 601 were irrelevant, and 204 were reviewed.ConclusionsIran has made substantial progress in different components of its HRS over the last few decades, such as starting a discourse surrounding health research ethics, priority-setting, and placing monitoring mechanisms while increasing the capacity for conducting and publishing research. However, there is still room for improvements, or even a need for fundamental changes, in several components, such as regarding increasing the research budget and improving the funding allocation mechanisms; improving the education curriculum; and promoting the use of evidence. The findings emphasized that improvement of HRS functions requires addressing context-specific problems. This review provides essential lessons to share with other low- and middle-income countries and international organizations, eg, the WHO.
“…A rare example of research with an impact found in the literature was from Royan Institute, an Iranian stem cell research center approved by MOHME in 1998, where research is translated into medical services. It was reported that the center provides stem cell therapy for skin and cartilage disorders [ 145 ]. Finally, in 2003, it was reported that 13 national research studies had led to an improvement or change in the health system, while about 20 national guidelines for use in the health system had been reformulated based on the outcomes of locally conducted research (references to specific studies were not given)[ 21 ].…”
BackgroundA substantial growth has been reported in Iran’s health research output over the last recent decades, throughout the times of economic, social, and political instability. This study reviewed the existing literature to provide a better understanding of the evolution of Iran’s health research system over this period.MethodsA narrative review of studies addressing health research system (HRS) in Iran was performed. The search strategy and categorization of the retrieved data was informed by the HRS framework of the World Health Organization (WHO). This framework proposes four functions for HRS: (i) stewardship; (ii) financing; (iii) creating and sustaining resources; and (iv) producing and using research. Searches in MEDLINE through PubMed (using MeSH terms) complemented with semantic searches through PubMed and Google Scholar were conducted.ResultsAfter removing the duplicates, 805 articles were retrieved, of which 601 were irrelevant, and 204 were reviewed.ConclusionsIran has made substantial progress in different components of its HRS over the last few decades, such as starting a discourse surrounding health research ethics, priority-setting, and placing monitoring mechanisms while increasing the capacity for conducting and publishing research. However, there is still room for improvements, or even a need for fundamental changes, in several components, such as regarding increasing the research budget and improving the funding allocation mechanisms; improving the education curriculum; and promoting the use of evidence. The findings emphasized that improvement of HRS functions requires addressing context-specific problems. This review provides essential lessons to share with other low- and middle-income countries and international organizations, eg, the WHO.
“…Compared with the traditional porous material preparation process, the biggest advantage of 3D printing technology is that it can accurately control the structure of the bioceramic scaffold (including the size and shape of the internal pores, and the overall shape of the scaffold) from micro to macro scale. This feature enables 3D printing technology to design tissue engineering scaffolds to repair tissue defects for patients according to actual needs, to achieve precision medicine [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The most used 3D printing techniques are briefly described in Table 3 .…”
Section: Bioceramic 3d Printing Overviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, the structural elements of the scaffold printed by DIW technology is a cylindrical pillar with a certain diameter, which makes the printing accuracy of DIW technology lower than that of SLA printing technology. For some complex structures, DIW technology requires additional support to assist in printing; during the printing process, the support may be dented and deformed [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. These disadvantages limit the application of DIW technology, making it unsuitable for the preparation of higher precision materials.…”
Section: Bioceramic 3d Printing Overviewmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The number of age-related fractures in the United States is expected to increase from 2.1 million in 2005 to more than 3 million in 2025 [ 7 ]. Bone is the second most frequently transplanted tissue in the world, and bone grafts and bone substitute materials are used in at least 4 million operations every year [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”
Trauma and bone loss from infections, tumors, and congenital diseases make bone repair and regeneration the greatest challenges in orthopedic, craniofacial, and plastic surgeries. The shortage of donors, intrinsic limitations, and complications in transplantation have led to more focus and interest in regenerative medicine. Structures that closely mimic bone tissue can be produced by this unique technology. The steady development of three-dimensional (3D)-printed bone tissue engineering scaffold therapy has played an important role in achieving the desired goal. Bioceramic scaffolds are widely studied and appear to be the most promising solution. In addition, 3D printing technology can simulate mechanical and biological surface properties and print with high precision complex internal and external structures to match their functional properties. Inkjet, extrusion, and light-based 3D printing are among the rapidly advancing bone bioprinting technologies. Furthermore, stem cell therapy has recently shown an important role in this field, although large tissue defects are difficult to fill by injection alone. The combination of 3D-printed bone tissue engineering scaffolds with stem cells has shown very promising results. Therefore, biocompatible artificial tissue engineering with living cells is the key element required for clinical applications where there is a high demand for bone defect repair. Furthermore, the emergence of various advanced manufacturing technologies has made the form of biomaterials and their functions, composition, and structure more diversified, and manifold. The importance of this article lies in that it aims to briefly review the main principles and characteristics of the currently available methods in orthopedic bioprinting technology to prepare bioceramic scaffolds, and finally discuss the challenges and prospects for applications in this promising and vital field.
“…However because their biodegradation behaviour is unpredictable they are not a good candidate for controlled delivery of Simvastatin. 1,4,105,110,111 Hybrid materials that are made by combination of synthetic and natural materials can be used to produce bone scaffolds that have good bioactivity and drug delivery properties. 4 Inorganic materials such as hydroxyapatite (HA), three calcium phosphate (TCP) and bio glasses are often combined with organic and synthetic materials in order to increase the biomimetic properties of bone scaffolds.…”
Section: Biomaterials Used To Locally Deliver Simvastatinmentioning
SUMMARYSimvastatin is a lipid lowering drug whose beneficial role on bone metabolism was discovered in 1999. Several in vivo studies evaluated its role on osteoporosis and fracture healing, however, controversial results are seen in the literature. For this reason, Simvastatin has not been the focus of any clinical trials as yet. This systematic review clears the mechanisms of action of Simvastatin on bone metabolism and focuses on in vivo investigations that have evaluated its role on osteoporosis and fracture repair to find out (i) whether Simvastatin is effective on treatment of osteoporosis and fracture repair, and (ii) which of the many available protocols may have the ability to be translated in the clinical setting. Simvastatin induces osteoinduction by increasing osteoblast activity and differentiation and inhibiting their apoptosis. It also reduces osteoclastogenesis by decreasing both the number and activity of osteoclasts and their differentiation. Controversial results between the in vivo studies are mostly due to the differences in the route of administration, dose, dosage and carrier type. Local delivery of Simvastatin through controlled drug delivery systems with much lower doses and dosages than the systemic route seems to be the most valuable option in fracture healing. However, systemic delivery of Simvastatin with much higher doses and dosages than the clinical ones seems to be effective in managing osteoporosis. Simvastatin, in a particular range of doses and dosages, may be beneficial in managing osteoporosis and fracture injuries. This review showed that Simvastatin is effective in the treatment of osteoporosis and fracture healing.
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