Tissue Distribution of Total Flavonoids Extracts of Drynariae Rhizoma in Young and Old Rats by UPLC–MS/MS Determination

Abstract

Drynariae Rhizoma (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. has been extensively used in China, Japan, and Korea to treat osteoporosis and tonify kidneys. A rapid and validated UPLC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of the seven analytes including neoeriocitrin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragalin, naringin, eriodictyol, naringenin, and kaempferol in rats’ various tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, brain, uterus, ovary, and small intestine) using quercetin as the internal standard (IS) was developed after oral administration of TFDR to rats. Tissues samples were retreated by protein precipitation with methanol. The chromatographic separation was performed using an ACQUITY UPLC™ BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm; 1.7 μm) at 35°C. The mobile phase consisted of 1% acetic acid in water as the aqueous phase (A) and 100% acetonitrile as the organic phase (B). All analytes and IS were quantified through electrospray ionization in positive ion multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. MS transitions were m/z 597.5 ⟶ 289.2 for neoeriocitrin, m/z 449.1 ⟶ 287.1 for luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, m/z 449.1 ⟶ 287.1 for astragalin, m/z 581.5 ⟶ 273.2 for naringin, m/z 289.2 ⟶ 153.1 for eriodictyol, m/z 273.2 ⟶ 153.1 for naringenin, m/z 287.1 ⟶ 153.1 for kaempferol, and m/z 303.2 ⟶ 153.1 for quercetin (IS). The mean extraction recovery of the seven analytes and IS in tissue samples at three levels of quality control (QC) samples ranged from 82.72% to 118.57%, and the RSD was ≤14.98%. The intraday and interday precision (RSD) were all less than 14.98%, and the accuracy (RE) ranged from −13.96% to 14.96%, which indicated that the present method was not an issue. Tissues distribution showed neoeriocitrin, luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside, astragalin, naringin, and naringenin could transfer across the blood-brain barrier, which may form the basis of TFDR entering the brain to play an anti-AD role. Compared with the 8-month-old rats, a higher concentration of naringin was found in the ovaries of the 18-month-old rats; this result indicated that it may regulate the autonomic nervous dysfunction of the cerebrospinal system through the hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis, thus playing an anti-AD role, but further research is needed. Naringenin, eriodictyol, and kaempferol have a higher concentration in the liver and kidney; this phenomenon may be related to the traditional Chinese medicine theory that there is a definite relationship between the liver and kidney meridian. These results provide reliable data support for further study of the pharmacological mechanism of TFDR, formulation of drug delivery schemes, and development of new Chinese medicines in the treatment of AD.

Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in the Liver of Wistar Rats after a Dietary Enrichment with Corinthian Currant (Vitis vinifera L., var. Apyrena): A Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Study

“…Sample preparation is critical prior to UHPLC-MS analysis to not only eliminate interfering matrix components but also extract and concentrate analytes from the sample matrix. In bioanalytical studies exploring the in vivo distribution of phenolic compounds, either fresh or lyophilized liver tissue samples are utilized. ,− While the latter offers significant advantages such as enhanced analyte stability, prolonged sample preservation, and reduced enzymatic activity, it is a time-consuming process. However, the potential impact of lyophilization on the phenolic compound recovery from liver tissue remains unexplored; this has been addressed in the case of brain tissue sample in one of our previous studies .…”

The Role of Phytonutrient Kaempferol in the Prevention of Gastrointestinal Cancers: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives

“…Moreover, these nanoformulations have the potential to enhance selectivity for mutated cells while minimizing their impact on normal cells, thereby offering a promising approach for cancer therapy [46]. Odor Odorless [47] Taste Bitter taste [47] UV Absorption Absorbs UV light at 266 nm and 365 nm [49] Biological Sources Found in tea, apples, onions, grapes, broccoli, and more [49] Bioavailability Moderate absorption in the human digestive system [50] Metabolism Metabolized in the liver, forming various conjugates [51] Distribution in Body Distributed in various tissues [52] Half-life in Body Variable, influenced by factors like age and health [53] Excretion Excreted mainly through urine [54] Biological Activities Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, and neuroprotective properties [49] Cellular Mechanisms Modulates gene expression and signaling pathways such as Nrf2, (PI3K)/AKT, ERK/p38 MAPK, Wnt/β-Catenin. [38] Health Benefits…”

The Development of Naringin for Use against Bone and Cartilage Disorders

“…Icariin shows promising characteristics in biomedicine and bone/cartilage tissue engineering [10]. Naringin (4 , 5,7-trihydroxy flavanone-7-rhamnoglucoside, Figure 1) is a flavonoid glycoside that is found in the extract of citrus fruits [11] and rhizoma drynariae [12]. Naringin possesses several pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, anti-bacteria, liver protection, and bone/cartilage protection [13,14].…”