Tissue‐Adhesive Piezoelectric Soft Sensor for In Vivo Blood Pressure Monitoring During Surgical Operation

Abstract

The reliable function in vivo of self‐powered implantable bioelectric devices (iBEDs) requires biocompatible, seamless, effective interactions with biological tissues. Herein, an implantable tissue‐adhesive piezoelectric soft sensor (TPSS), in which the piezoelectric sensor converts biomechanical signals into electrical signals, and the adhesive hydrogel (AH) strengthens this conversion by seamlessly adhering the sensor on the wet and curvilinear surface, is proposed. The optimized AH exhibits strong adhesion to various organic or inorganic surfaces, including six commonly used engineering materials and three biological tissues. As a pressure sensor, TPSS proves good in vitro electrical performance with a high output of 8.3 V, long‐term stability of over 6000 cycles, and high energy power density of 186.9 µW m−2. In a large animal experiment, TPSS seamlessly adheres to the right‐side internal carotid artery of a Yorkshire pig to monitor blood pressure during a surgical operation. Compared to commercial sensors that work by inserting into tissues, TPSS does not cause any damage and can be peeled off after service. The integration of adhesive hydrogel and self‐powered pressure sensors enables biocompatible, seamless, and more efficient interactions between the biological system and iBEDs, which also contributes to next‐generation implantable bioelectronics with features of battery‐free, intelligent, and accurate.

Nanolayer‐Encapsulated Stretchable Liquid‐Metal Sheets for Thermal Management

“…This enhanced adhesion is likely owing to the increased conformal contact between the SBS nanosheet and microscopically rough skin surface (Figure S12) that enhances van der Waals forces-particularly London dispersion interactions-at the interface [54]. Such contact-area-dominated adhesion behavior is consistent with previous studies [55,56], which demonstrated that strong skin adhesion can be achieved using ultrathin, soft, and flexible materials capable of conforming to fine surface topographies. At present, SBS-nanosheet adhesion is mainly governed by physical interfacial interactions.…”

Nanolayer‐Encapsulated Stretchable Liquid‐Metal Sheets for Thermal Management

“…This enhanced adhesion is likely owing to the increased conformal contact between the SBS nanosheet and microscopically rough skin surface (Figure S12) that enhances van der Waals forces-particularly London dispersion interactions-at the interface [54]. Such contact-area-dominated adhesion behavior is consistent with previous studies [55,56], which demonstrated that strong skin adhesion can be achieved using ultrathin, soft, and flexible materials capable of conforming to fine surface topographies. At present, SBS-nanosheet adhesion is mainly governed by physical interfacial interactions.…”

Patchable Transparent Standalone Piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Film for Radial Artery Pulse Detection

“…Another benefit of our new method from a device perspective is that the production and handling of the standalone P(VDF-TrFE) films are relatively simple compared to other methods proposed previously for artery pulse detections as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. This significantly reduces resources consumed to fabricate devices; meanwhile, the device exhibits high output signals with high accuracy, proving the effectiveness and importance of the methods developed.…”

Visible‐Light‐Enhanced Elastomeric Adhesives via Confined Hydrazone Isomerization for Durable Stretchable Hybrid Electronics

“…The corresponding peeling image reveals both strong interfacial bonding and considerable bulk energy dissipation after light treatment (Figure 4i). As a result, this enhanced adhesion toughness has surpassed most of the previously reported elastomeric adhesives (Figure 4j) [7,9,14,23,26,29,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. It is important to note that the current adhesion-enhancement strategy relies on irradiating through the adherend to confine the photoisomerization and modulus increase to the interface.…”

Nanolayer‐Encapsulated Stretchable Liquid‐Metal Sheets for Thermal Management

“…This enhanced adhesion is likely owing to the increased conformal contact between the SBS nanosheet and microscopically rough skin surface (Figure S12) that enhances van der Waals forces-particularly London dispersion interactions-at the interface [54]. Such contact-area-dominated adhesion behavior is consistent with previous studies [55,56], which demonstrated that strong skin adhesion can be achieved using ultrathin, soft, and flexible materials capable of conforming to fine surface topographies. At present, SBS-nanosheet adhesion is mainly governed by physical interfacial interactions.…”

Patchable Transparent Standalone Piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Film for Radial Artery Pulse Detection

“…Another benefit of our new method from a device perspective is that the production and handling of the standalone P(VDF-TrFE) films are relatively simple compared to other methods proposed previously for artery pulse detections as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. This significantly reduces resources consumed to fabricate devices; meanwhile, the device exhibits high output signals with high accuracy, proving the effectiveness and importance of the methods developed.…”

Visible‐Light‐Enhanced Elastomeric Adhesives via Confined Hydrazone Isomerization for Durable Stretchable Hybrid Electronics

“…The corresponding peeling image reveals both strong interfacial bonding and considerable bulk energy dissipation after light treatment (Figure 4i). As a result, this enhanced adhesion toughness has surpassed most of the previously reported elastomeric adhesives (Figure 4j) [7,9,14,23,26,29,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. It is important to note that the current adhesion-enhancement strategy relies on irradiating through the adherend to confine the photoisomerization and modulus increase to the interface.…”

Nanolayer‐Encapsulated Stretchable Liquid‐Metal Sheets for Thermal Management

“…This enhanced adhesion is likely owing to the increased conformal contact between the SBS nanosheet and microscopically rough skin surface (Figure S12) that enhances van der Waals forces-particularly London dispersion interactions-at the interface [54]. Such contact-area-dominated adhesion behavior is consistent with previous studies [55,56], which demonstrated that strong skin adhesion can be achieved using ultrathin, soft, and flexible materials capable of conforming to fine surface topographies. At present, SBS-nanosheet adhesion is mainly governed by physical interfacial interactions.…”

Patchable Transparent Standalone Piezoelectric P(VDF-TrFE) Film for Radial Artery Pulse Detection

“…Another benefit of our new method from a device perspective is that the production and handling of the standalone P(VDF-TrFE) films are relatively simple compared to other methods proposed previously for artery pulse detections as shown in Figures 5(a) and 5(b) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. This significantly reduces resources consumed to fabricate devices; meanwhile, the device exhibits high output signals with high accuracy, proving the effectiveness and importance of the methods developed.…”

Visible‐Light‐Enhanced Elastomeric Adhesives via Confined Hydrazone Isomerization for Durable Stretchable Hybrid Electronics

“…The corresponding peeling image reveals both strong interfacial bonding and considerable bulk energy dissipation after light treatment (Figure 4i). As a result, this enhanced adhesion toughness has surpassed most of the previously reported elastomeric adhesives (Figure 4j) [7,9,14,23,26,29,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. It is important to note that the current adhesion-enhancement strategy relies on irradiating through the adherend to confine the photoisomerization and modulus increase to the interface.…”