TiO2 nano- and micro-particles in commercial foundation creams: Field Flow-Fractionation techniques together with ICP-AES and SQW Voltammetry for their characterization

Contado, Catia; Pagnoni, Antonella

doi:10.1039/c0ay00205d

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Others have characterized the size distribution of titanium in a few sunscreens and face creams [34] [35, 36]. Here we quantify the amount of titanium in several toothpastes and 24 additional PCPs (3 deodorants, 1 lip balm, 6 shampoos, 1 shaving cream, 13 sunscreens) that were believed to have a probability of entering sewage (Figure 4).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products

Weir

Westerhoff

Fabricius

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

1,829

1,440

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Titanium dioxide is a common additive in many food, personal care, and other consumer products used by people, which after use can enter the sewage system, and subsequently enter the environment as treated effluent discharged to surface waters or biosolids applied to agricultural land, incinerated wastes, or landfill solids. This study quantifies the amount of titanium in common food products, derives estimates of human exposure to dietary (nano-) TiO2, and discusses the impact of the nanoscale fraction of TiO2 entering the environment. The foods with the highest content of TiO2 included candies, sweets and chewing gums. Among personal care products, toothpastes and select sunscreens contained 1% to >10% titanium by weight. While some other crèmes contained titanium, despite being colored white, most shampoos, deodorants, and shaving creams contained the lowest levels of titanium (<0.01 μg/mg). For several high-consumption pharmaceuticals, the titanium content ranged from below the instrument detection limit (0.0001 μg Ti/mg) to a high of 0.014 μg Ti/mg. Electron microscopy and stability testing of food-grade TiO2 (E171) suggests that approximately 36% of the particles are less than 100 nm in at least one dimension and that it readily disperses in water as fairly stable colloids. However, filtration of water solubilized consumer products and personal care products indicated that less than 5% of the titanium was able to pass through 0.45 or 0.7 μm pores. Two white paints contained 110 μg Ti/mg while three sealants (i.e., prime coat paint) contained less titanium (25 to 40 μg Ti/mg). This research showed that while many white-colored products contained titanium, it was not a prerequisite. Although several of these product classes contained low amounts of titanium, their widespread use and disposal down the drain and eventually to WWTPs deserves attention. A Monte Carlo human exposure analysis to TiO2 through foods identified children as having the highest exposures because TiO2 content of sweets is higher than other food products, and that a typical exposure for a US adult may be on the order of 1 mg Ti per kilogram body weight per day. Thus, because of the millions of tons of titanium based white pigment used annually, testing should focus on food-grade TiO2 (E171) rather than that adopted in many environmental health and safety tests (i.e., P25), which is used in much lower amounts in products less likely to enter the environment (e.g., catalyst supports, photocatalytic coatings).

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Food and Personal Care Products

Weir

Westerhoff

Fabricius

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

1,829

1,440

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nevertheless, the AF4 channel can easily be overloaded, requiring dilution of the sample and a sensitive detection system. Over the last decades asymmetrical flow FFF or AF4 has been extensively refined with respect to separation and characterisation of various nanomaterial, in particular (for example): gold (Schmidt et al, 2011), silver (Hagendorfer et al, 2012), silica (Tadjiki et al, 2009), titanium (Contado & Pagnoni, 2010) nanomaterial, carbon nanotubes (Peng et al, 2006), quantum dots (Rameshwar et al, 2006), liposomes and hybrid nanomaterial (Colfen & Volkel, 2003). Most of these studies, however, have been in relation to characterisation of nanomaterial such as size and mass.…”

Section: Field Flow Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of analytical methods to measure solubility for the purpose of nanoregulation

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Solubility is an important physicochemical parameter in nanoregulation. If nanomaterial is completely soluble, then from a risk assessment point of view, its disposal can be treated much in the same way as "ordinary" chemicals, which will simplify testing and characterisation regimes. This review assesses potential techniques for the measurement of nanomaterial solubility and evaluates the performance against a set of analytical criteria (based on satisfying the requirements as governed by the cosmetic regulation as well as the need to quantify the concentration of free (hydrated) ions). Our findings show that no universal method exists. A complementary approach is thus recommended, to comprise an atomic spectrometry-based method in conjunction with an electrochemical (or colorimetric) method. This article shows that although some techniques are more commonly used than others, a huge research gap remains, related with the need to ensure data reliability.

show abstract

“…A significant percent of these studies concern the cytotoxicity of engineered titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) particles [20][21][22][23][24][25][26], these materials being widely used as opacifying and coloring agents in pharmaceutical, food and personal care products [26][27][28][29][30] (leading to ingestion or direct skin contact) or hydrophilicity enhancers and bactericidal agents for self-cleaning [31,32] and antimicrobial technologies [33][34][35] (raising the risk to environmental TiO 2 pollution and subsequent effects on humans).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%