Tiny but Fatty: Lipids and Fatty Acids in the Daubed Shanny (Leptoclinus maculatus), a Small Fish in Svalbard Waters

Abstract

The seasonal dynamic of lipids and their fatty acid constituents in the lipid sac and muscles of pelagic postlarval Leptoclinus maculatus, an ecologically important fish species in the Arctic food nets, in Kongsfjord, Svalbard waters was studied. The determination of the qualitative and quantitative content of the total lipids (TLs), total phospholipids (PLs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol (Chol), cholesterol esters (Chol esters) and wax esters was analyzed by TLC, the phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylcholine (PC), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) and sphingomyelin (SM) were determined by HPLC, and fatty acids of total lipids using GC. The lipid sac is a system of cavities filled with lipids, and it is not directly connected to organs of the digestive system. The wall’s inner layer is a multinuclear symplast that has a trophic function. The results provide additional knowledge on the role of lipids in the biochemical and physiological adaptation of fish to specific environments and clarify the relationship between fatty acids and the food specialization of postlarvae. Analysis of the fatty acid (FA) profile of TLs in the muscles and lipid sac of daubed shanny pelagic postlarvae showed it to be tissue- and organ-specific, and tightly associated with seasonal variations of environmental factors (temperature conditions and trophic resources).

Into the Deep: New Data on the Lipid and Fatty Acid Profile of Redfish Sebastes mentella Inhabiting Different Depths in the Irminger Sea

“…), the relevant functioning of membranes is secured by controlling their thickness, fluidity, and resistance to mechanical impacts (during high protein activity), as well as by implementing the thermal insulation function for membrane-bound enzymes in certain lipid bilayer domains. Thus, the results obtained in this study, as well as earlier [ 11 ], regarding the FA status of deep-water fish in northern seas agree with the previously formulated concept of the functions of polyunsaturated chains [ 89 , 90 , 91 ]: the configuration of FAs in lipids defines the properties, functions, and biological effects of the respective lipids in the organism.…”

“…More recently, researchers [ 11 ] found that lipid unsaturation in arctic fish was primarily maintained by means of DHA and EPA. This is related to the organism’s locomotor activity under certain conditions (pressure, temperature, currents, etc.)…”

“…The separation of FAs was carried out for 120 min in an isothermal configuration (200 °C) on a Zebron ZB-FFA capillary column (Phenomenex, USA) using nitrogen as a mobile phase. The Chromatek-Analytik-5000.2 software Chromatek Analytic V. 3.0.298.1 (Chromatek, Yoshkar-Ola, Russia) was used according to the analytic procedure described in [ 11 ]. FAMEs were identified with the standard mixtures of the Supelco 37 Component FAME mix, bacterial acid methyl ester (BAME), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) No.…”

“…The qualitative and quantitative determination of individual phospholipid fractionsphosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-was performed by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and previously described in [11]. Phos-of 18 pholipid standards (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) were used for identifying and quantifying the phospholipid compounds in the sample.…”

“…Lipids and their fatty acids are regarded as quite labile biochemical molecules that participate in many complex compensatory reactions by which an organism maintains a homeostasis of interrelated metabolic processes in response to certain environmental factors or a combination thereof. Individual lipid classes can perform several functions related to adaptation processes in specific eco-physiological situations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”