Tin Oxide Based Nanomaterials and Their Application as Anodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries and Beyond

Abstract

Herein, recent progress in the field of tin oxide (SnO2)‐based nanosized and nanostructured materials as conversion and alloying/dealloying‐type anodes in lithium‐ion batteries and beyond (sodium‐ and potassium‐ion batteries) is briefly discussed. The first section addresses the importance of the initial SnO2 micro‐ and nanostructure on the conversion and alloying/dealloying reaction upon lithiation and its impact on the microstructure and cyclability of the anodes. A further section is dedicated to recent advances in the fabrication of diverse 0D to 3D nanostructures to overcome stability issues induced by large volume changes during cycling. Additionally, the role of doping on conductivity and synergistic effects of redox‐active and ‐inactive dopants on the reversible lithium‐storage capacity and rate capability are discussed. Furthermore, the synthesis and electrochemical properties of nanostructured SnO2/C composites are reviewed. The broad research spectrum of SnO2 anode materials is finally reflected in a brief overview of recent work published on Na‐ and K‐ion batteries.

Tailoring the Charge/Discharge Potentials and Electrochemical Performance of SnO2 Lithium‐Ion Anodes by Transition Metal Co‐Doping

“…These alternative anodes combine both charge storage mechanisms in one single material. One representative CAM, with theoretical capacities of almost 1500 mAh g −1 , is transition metal doped tin oxide, for which the choice of the incorporated transition metal (and its redox potential) plays a key role for achieving high energy density and long‐term stable cycling …”

“…One representative CAM, with theoretical capacities of almost 1500 mAh g À 1 , is transition metal doped tin oxide, [12][13][14][15][16][17] for which the choice of the incorporated transition metal (and its redox potential) plays a key role for achieving high energy density and long-term stable cycling. [16][17][18][19] Herein, we have developed electroactive TM co-doped SnO 2 to achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. The continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis (CHFS) method [20] was chosen as a reproducible and scalable process for the production of co-doped tin oxide nanoparticles.…”

Improving Lithium‐Ion Half‐/Full‐Cell Performance of WO3‐Protected SnO2 Core‐Shell Nanoarchitectures

“…The second method uses a scalable method of synthesis to create conformal coatings of amorphous carbon or making composites with carbonaceous materials. There is a lot of research on carbon coating of SnO 2 , [2b,3b,14] as well as composites consisting of SnO 2 and carbonaceous materials including graphene, [15] carbon nanotubes, [16] metal‐organic frameworks, [17] aerogels, [18] and fibres [19] . However, the synthesis of carbon coating is typically followed by the release of volatile organic compounds, which can cause unbearable environmental problems, as they are primarily prepared through the thermal decomposition of a carbon precursor at high temperatures [29] .…”

Tin Oxide Encapsulated into Pyrolyzed Chitosan as a Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries

“…One should take into account that the conversion reaction is not so simple. Recently, Fattakhova-Rohlfing et al summarized that in the potential of conversion reaction the intermediate reaction occurs with the formation of Li x SnO [ 35 ]. In the studied case, further cathodic polarization led to another current growth starting at the potential E ≈ 0.53 V, following the second cathodic maximum at E = 0.09 V. This current growth is due to the presence of both carbonaceous matrix and tin oxide components in the electrode material.…”