Tin Oxide Encapsulated into Pyrolyzed Chitosan as a Negative Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries

Abstract

Tin oxide is one of the most promising electrode materials as a negative electrode for lithium-ion batteries due to its higher theoretical specific capacity than graphite. However, it suffers lack of stability due to volume changes and low electrical conductivity while cycling. To overcome these issues, a new composite consisting of SnO2 and carbonaceous matrix was fabricated. Naturally abundant and renewable chitosan was chosen as a carbon source. The electrode material exhibiting 467 mAh g−1 at the current density of 18 mA g−1 and a capacity fade of only 2% after 70 cycles is a potential candidate for graphite replacement. Such good electrochemical performance is due to strong interaction between amine groups from chitosan and surface hydroxyl groups of SnO2 at the preparation stage. However, the charge storage is mainly contributed by a diffusion-controlled process showing that the best results might be obtained for low current rates.

α‐Ga2O3@Chitosan‐Derived Carbon as High‐Performance Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

“…In addition to medicine and biology, electrochemical energy storage has also been widely used, not only as a binder, but also as a carbon material applied to electrode materials. [24][25][26] Herein, considering the low cost and simplicity of the synthesis route, using CS as the carbon source, α-Ga 2 O 3 @CS NPs were prepared by hydrothermal carbonization method as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The carbon coating can not only effectively inhibit the cracking and aggregation caused by the severe volume expansion effect during the gallium-lithium process, but also the abundant nitrogen source in chitosan provides more active sites and electrical conductivity, and Ga produced by the reaction process can also provide self-healing properties for the electrode.…”

“…In addition to medicine and biology, electrochemical energy storage has also been widely used, not only as a binder, but also as a carbon material applied to electrode materials. [ 24–26 ]…”

Determination of the Degree of Crystallinity of Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)

“…Today, such polymers are finding increasing practical use and are becoming the objects of numerous studies. For example, highly efficient lithium ion batteries are produced using chitosan, a natural renewable polymer [1]. Phosphazene-containing polybenzoxazines and epoxy resins serve as binders for non-combustible polymer composites [2,3] and condensation of some aryloxyphosphazenes results in the formation of thermally stable matrix polymers [4,5].…”