Tin(II) chloride in the analytical chemistry of the platinum metals: From the “purple of cassius” to polyurethane foams

Brackenbury, Karim F.G.; Jones, Lynn; Nel, Iris; Koch, Klaus; Wyrley-Birch, Jean M.

doi:10.1016/s0277-5387(00)81240-1

Cited by 12 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…These differences are likely due to the chemical composition of the pigments used during the manufacturing process in order to meet the demands of younger patients, and to prevent color loss during food consumption [69]. In the present study, the most pronounced differences were observed in the case of Sn with a purple ligature releasing at least 2-fold higher levels than other elastic ligatures-this may be due to the use of inorganic Sn (particularly Sn(II) chloride) in purple pigment production [70].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

Olszewska

Hańć

Barałkiewicz

et al. 2019

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Elastomeric ligatures are increasingly used as a part of esthetic orthodontic treatment, particularly in children. The aim of the present study was to experimentally test whether these appliances may contribute to exposure to toxic elements. In the present study, elastomeric ligatures (ELs) were incubated in artificial human saliva for 1 month (a typical period of their use) and the release of 21 metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, Ti, Sb, Sr, Sn, Zn, U, V) and 2 metalloids (As and Ge) was studied using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. For comparison, stainless steel ligatures (SLs) were incubated for 1, 3, and 6 months (since sometimes their use is prolonged) under similar conditions. The determined metal levels were compared to the corresponding safety limits for human exposure. During 1 month, the ELs released Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Sn at total mean ± SD level of 0.31 ± 0.09, 0.98 ± 0.30, 3.96 ± 1.31, 14.7 ± 8.5, 13.8 ± 4.8, and 49.5 ± 27.7 μg, respectively. Other elements were always below the detection limits. In case of SL, the release of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Sn was observed, and the determined values increased over the studied period. After 6 months, their total mean ± SD levels amounted to 28.6 ± 0.2, 21.7 ± 0.2, 623.5 ± 3.0, 1152.7 ± 1.8, 5.5 ± 0.3, and 22.6 ± 0.2 μg, respectively. The released metal levels from both ligature types were always below safety limits. The release of Ni from SL during 6 months would constitute 5.0 and 11.5% of tolerable intake in adults and children, respectively. The results of this in vitro study highlight that the use of ligatures in orthodontic treatment can be considered safe in terms of metal exposure although elastic ligatures replaced on a monthly basis appear to be advantageous in comparison to the prolonged use of stainless steel appliances.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

Olszewska

Hańć

Barałkiewicz

et al. 2019

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…Thornton received the DSc degree from UCT in 1982, and both Moss, an intrepid yachtsman and mountaineer, and the versatile Jackson, are now professors. Koch's teaching and research, latterly in the area of analytical chemistry with emphasis on platinum compounds, have been extremely substantial, as his numerous publications testify (Koch, 1982;Brackenbury et al, 1987;Koch et al, 1988Koch et al, , 1995; he is now a professor at Stellenbosch University (see Figure 12). …”

Section: Inorganic Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

A history of the Chemistry Department, University of Cape Town

Stephen¹

2005

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa

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includes material from its inception in 1876 until the closing years of the millennium preceding 1999. Several phases of growth are presented: first, as a one-man enterprise, Professor Paul Daniel Hahn introduced the teaching of Chemistry and fostered both pure and applied research; this developed with the founding of the University of Cape Town at the end of World War 1. A move into the new building at Groote Schuur followed, with a rapid expansion on many fronts after World War II. Apart from a brief interlude as a School comprising four separate Departments (1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988), the Department of Chemistry continued to grow in terms of student numbers, courses offered, and productivity of its research groups, until the present time. The Department has occupied a large building, named after its first full-time professor, since 1972. Advances in performance, consequent on improved, computerised instrumentation and teaching techniques, are evident.

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¹¹⁹Sn NMR characterization of the series of complex [Pt(SnCl_xBr_y)₅]³⁻ Anions (x + y = 3) extracted into chloroform using a liquid anion exchanger

Koch

1992

Magnetic Reson in Chemistry

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Tin(II) chloride in the analytical chemistry of the platinum metals: From the “purple of cassius” to polyurethane foams

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

A history of the Chemistry Department, University of Cape Town

¹¹⁹Sn NMR characterization of the series of complex [Pt(SnCl_xBr_y)₅]³⁻ Anions (x + y = 3) extracted into chloroform using a liquid anion exchanger

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Tin(II) chloride in the analytical chemistry of the platinum metals: From the “purple of cassius” to polyurethane foams

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

A history of the Chemistry Department, University of Cape Town

119Sn NMR characterization of the series of complex [Pt(SnClxBry)5]3− Anions (x + y = 3) extracted into chloroform using a liquid anion exchanger

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¹¹⁹Sn NMR characterization of the series of complex [Pt(SnCl_xBr_y)₅]³⁻ Anions (x + y = 3) extracted into chloroform using a liquid anion exchanger