Tin Complexes Containing an Atenolol Moiety as Photostabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Abstract

The lifetime of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) can be increased through the addition of additives to provide protection against irradiation. Therefore, several new tin complexes containing atenolol moieties were synthesized and their photostabilizing effect on PVC was investigated. Reacting atenolol with a number of tin reagents in boiling methanol provided high yields of tin complexes. PVC was then mixed with the tin complexes at a low concentration, producing polymeric thins films. The films were irradiated with ultraviolet light and the resulting damage was assessed using different analytical and surface morphology techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and weight loss determination indicated that the films incorporating tin complexes incurred less damage and less surface changes compared to the blank film. In particular, the triphenyltin complex was very effective in enhancing the photostability of PVC, and this is due to its high aromaticity (three phenyl rings) compared to other complexes. Such an additive acts as a hydrogen chloride scavenger, radical absorber, and hydroperoxide decomposer.

Modifications of Polymers through the Addition of Ultraviolet Absorbers to Reduce the Aging Effect of Accelerated and Natural Irradiation

“…Recently, we synthesized a range of UV stabilizers (e.g., aromatics, heterocycles, Schiff bases, organometallic complexes, and polyphosphates) and tested their efficiency for the stabilization of polymers [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. These additives, at a low concentration of 0.5% by weight, led to a significant improvement in the photostability of polymers.…”

Photostabilization of Poly(vinyl chloride) Films Blended with Organotin Complexes of Mefenamic Acid for Outdoor Applications

“…A long period of PVC photoirradiation leads to surface damage mainly as a result of chain scission and dehydrochlorination [58]. Non-irradiated PVC films have a more or less smooth surface with no noticeable irregularity compared with irradiated ones [21,39,40]. The surface of an irradiated PVC was inspected using an optical microscope.…”

“…The biological performance of organotin compounds is dependent on the nature of organic units and the number and types of substituents (alkyl or aryl) present [38]. We recently successfully synthesized various organotin complexes and investigated their uses as PVC photostabilizers [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Continuing our interest in the polymer photostabilization subject, we can now report the successful synthesis of different tin complexes containing the mefenamic unit and their effect in enhancing the PVC photostabilization.…”

Assessment of the Ageing and Durability of Polymers

“…The ageing of PVC films due to UV radiation exposure was the subject of the studies illustrated in [ 2 , 3 ], whose results can be taken as a reference for outdoor applications. The aim of the first manuscript [ 2 ] was to verify whether the addition of new tin complexes containing atenolol is effective in improving the durability to radiations of PVC films.…”

“…The ageing of PVC films due to UV radiation exposure was the subject of the studies illustrated in [ 2 , 3 ], whose results can be taken as a reference for outdoor applications. The aim of the first manuscript [ 2 ] was to verify whether the addition of new tin complexes containing atenolol is effective in improving the durability to radiations of PVC films. The authors of this study found that atenolol-tin complexes, in particular the triphenyl-tin complex, due to its high aromaticity, provide significant photo-stabilization to the PVC films, as verified by infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis and weight loss measurements.…”