Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Li, Tao; Wan, Ting; Yao, Xiaoqian; Qi, Huihong; Chen, Xuefeng; She, Man; Hu, Qianqian; Zhou, Xiaodong

doi:10.1007/s10792-020-01637-5

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In the present study, male sex was associated with myopic SE, longer AL, and higher AL/CR ratio among children aged 4–6 years, consistent with previous studies ( 24 , 33 ). The AL and AL/CR ratio of boys were 0.43 mm and 0.03 higher than that of girls, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Matsumura

Dannoue

Kawakami

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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PurposeTo investigate the prevalence of myopia and factors associated with spherical equivalent (SE), axial length (AL), and axial length to corneal radius of curvature (AL/CR) ratio among Japanese preschool children.Study DesignProspective observational study.MethodsThis cross-sectional study evaluated subjects aged 4–6 years from a preschool. Non-cycloplegic autorefraction was measured using the Spot Vision Screener, while AL and corneal radius (CR) were measured using the Myopia Master. Parental myopia and environmental factors were investigated using the myopia-related factor questionnaire. The worse eye with higher myopic SE was chosen for analysis, and multiple linear regression models was performed using AL, SE, and AL/CR ratio as dependent variables.ResultsA total of 457 out of 514 participants (239 males, 52.3%) aged 4–6 years (mean 4.77 ± 0.65 years) were included. The mean SE was 0.13 ± 0.63 D, AL was 22.35 ± 0.67 mm, CR was 7.76 ± 0.25 mm, and AL/CR ratio was 2.88 ± 0.72. The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 2.9 and 0.2%, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that myopic SE was significantly associated with male sex (β = −0.14, p = 0.02) and parental myopia (β = −0.15, p = 0.04). Meanwhile, longer AL was significantly associated with older age (β = 0.13, p = 0.02), male sex (β = 0.44, p < 0.001), parental myopia (β = 0.24, p = 0.01), and screen time (including smartphones, tablets, and computers) (>1 h, β = 0.14, p = 0.04). A higher AL/CR was significantly associated with older age (β = 0.02, p < 0.001), male sex (β = 0.03, p < 0.001), ratio and parental myopia (β = 0.03, p = 0.02).ConclusionThe prevalence of myopia and high myopia were 2.9 and 0.2%, respectively, among Japanese preschool children in 2021. Longer AL was associated with older age, male sex, parental myopia, and screen time in children aged 4–6 years. Children with a high risk of myopia can be identified early based on parental myopia information for early prevention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Matsumura

Dannoue

Kawakami

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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“…In our study, not only myopia but also ocular biometric parameters were treated as outcome measures. We found that higher prevalence of myopia together with longer ALs and higher AL/CR ratios were more common in high-risk class, confirming that these behavioral risk factors could influence myopia development to various extent [ 9 , 30 – 32 ]. However, the behavioral risk factors were not consistently associated with myopia in different populations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Identification of high-risk patterns of myopia in Chinese students based on four major behavioral risk factors: a latent class analysis

Yin

et al. 2023

BMC Public Health

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Background Myopia is prevalent in children and adolescents. Understanding the effect of multiple behaviors and their latent patterns on ocular biometric parameters may help clinicians and public health practitioners understand the behavioral risk pattern of myopia from a person-centered perspective. The purpose of this study was to identify the patterns of four major behavioral risk factors associated with myopia, including time spent outdoors, digital screen time, sleep duration, and performance of Chinese eye exercises. The study also examined the relationships between these behavioral patterns and myopia as well as ocular biometric parameters in a sample of Chinese college students. Methods This study included 2014 students from the Dali University Students Eye Health Study. The average age of the subjects was 19.0 ± 0.9 years old, ranging from 15.7 to 25.1 years old. Each participant’s refractive status was measured using an autorefractor without cycloplegia and ocular biometric parameters were measured using an IOL Master. Behavioral risk factors were collected using a pre-designed self-administered questionnaire. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed to identify cluster patterns of various behaviors. Results The prevalence of myopia was 91.8% in this population. The 2-class model was selected for the LCA based on goodness-of-fit evaluation metrics. Among the overall study sample, 41.1% and 58.9% were assigned into the high-risk and low-risk class, respectively. The risk of myopia [odds ratio (OR) = 2.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.52–3.14], high myopia (OR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.14–1.78) and axial length/corneal radius (AL/CR) ratio of more than 3.0 (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.22–2.72) were significantly higher in the high-risk compared with low-risk class. Conclusions Chinese university students showed differential risks of myopia and could be subdivided into high- and low-risk clusters based on four behavioral variables.

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“…The characteristics of the included studies 19–65 are summarised in Table 1. Data from a total of 33,559 subjects were extracted, of which 31,722 subjects came from population‐based studies.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal range of ocular biometry in healthy children: A systemic review and meta‐analysis of 33,559 individuals under seven years of age

Chen

Wang

et al. 2022

Ophthalmic Physiologic Optic

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Purpose To conduct a systemic review and meta‐analysis on the normative range of ocular biometry in healthy children under seven years of age. Methods A literature search was performed using the PubMed (MEDLINE) database. The main outcomes were normative values of axial length (AL), central corneal thickness (CCT), cornea curvature (CC), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT) and vitreous chamber depth (VCD). Pooled estimates were obtained with a random‐effects meta‐analysis. Multivariate meta‐regressions ascertained the moderator‐related trends. Results We included 47 studies for a total of 33,559 subjects. The pooled ALs for 0.0–1.9 years, 2.0–3.9 years and 4.0–6.9 years were 18.33 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.57–19.09), 21.71 mm (21.49–21.93) and 22.37 mm (22.29–22.45), respectively. Children aged 0.0–1.9 years had a greater CCT (576.70 μm, 567.20–586.21), steeper cornea (7.41 mm, 7.16–7.65) and shallower ACD (2.46 mm, 2.23–2.69). LT ranged from 3.65 to 3.74 mm for 0–6 years, and VCD increased from 11.94 mm at birth to 15.36 mm at 4.0–6.9 years. Differences in AL between East Asian and non‐East Asian children were found below two years of age (17.30 mm vs. 18.40 mm, p = 0.008) and for CC at 4.0–6.9 years of age (7.82 mm vs. 7.79 mm, p = 0.004). In a multivariate meta‐regression, AL, CC, ACD and VCD increased with age (p < 0.05 for all), while CCT decreased with age (p = 0.0007). Conclusions This study reports normative data for ocular biometry in children. Few differences were found with ethnicity in the ocular biometry of infants and pre‐schoolers.

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Time trend of axial length and associated factors in 4- and 5-year-old children in Shanghai from 2013 to 2019

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Prevalence of Myopia and Its Associated Factors Among Japanese Preschool Children

Identification of high-risk patterns of myopia in Chinese students based on four major behavioral risk factors: a latent class analysis

Normal range of ocular biometry in healthy children: A systemic review and meta‐analysis of 33,559 individuals under seven years of age

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