Time Matters Differently in Leisure Experience for Men and Women: Leisure Dedication and Time Perspective

Abstract

There are inequalities with respect to the amount of time men and women spend on leisure. Therefore, it can be assumed that these inequalities are also manifested in the experiences derived from leisure activities and in certain attitudes to life associated with the amount of time devoted to leisure, which emphasize time orientations towards the past, present and future. Based on these ideas, this study analyses the time spent on leisure activities, leisure experience (i.e., perceptions of freedom and satisfaction), and the five factors of the time perspective (hedonistic and fatalistic present; positive and negative past; and future orientation). Participants were 435 men and 434 women, ranging from 18 to 24 years (sample mean M = 21.14, standard deviation SD = 1.99). Two tools were used: a questionnaire about leisure experience, based on the time budget technique, and the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. The results show significant gender differences: men have more leisure time, but women have a more positive leisure experience and time perspectives than men. It can be concluded that women enjoy themselves more with less available leisure time and are more positive with regard to time orientations.

Barriers and Facilitators to Leisure Physical Activity in Children: A Qualitative Approach Using the Socio-Ecological Model

“…In Spain, women and girls spending less leisure time and this has been associated with gender inequalities. Despite this, women have more positive leisure experience and time perspectives than men, which stimulates resilience [78]. This occurs when they freely choose activities that, even being little time, satisfy them.…”

“…This occurs when they freely choose activities that, even being little time, satisfy them. Women of any age tend to prefer physical activities that can be performed in a group or outdoors with family [77,78]. Thus, although the socialization of girls is restricted to the leisure time they share with family and friends, girls could have very positive experiences should they had the opportunity to participate in their preferred sports and physical activities.…”

Understanding Psychosocial Wellbeing in the Context of Complex and Multidimensional Problems

“…Codina and Pestana [ 24 ] analyzed the time spent on the leisure activities, leisure experience (i.e., perceptions of freedom and satisfaction) and the five factors of time perspective (hedonistic and fatalistic present; positive and negative past; and future orientation) of 869 participants (435 men and 434 women). Their results show significant gender differences.…”

Time Perspective and the Risk of Developing Burnout: An Empirical Study among Different Blue-Collar Workers in Spain

“…Personality is assessed as a relevant psychological variable related to emotional, motivational and social traits of human interactions [29,30], as well as to the requirements for positive and negative outcomes, mental health outcomes and personal fulfillment [32]; for instance, well-being, habits linked to good health [28], circadian rhythm [33], proneness to addiction, positivity, high self-confidence, unsafe driving [29][30][31][32][33][34] diligence, neuroticism, sociability and openness to new experiences and amiability [30][31][32][33][34][35]. Some experiences and consequences are derived from leisure; moreover, having or lacking spare time is related to different attitudes to life, and time perspective has an effect on most features of human conduct [36]. In organizations, the five time perspective scales are vital in understanding constructive human behavior.…”