Time-lapse 3-D seismic imaging of shallow subsurface contaminant flow

A Review of Multidimensional, Multifluid, Intermediate‐Scale Experiments: Flow Behavior, Saturation Imaging, and Tracer Detection and Quantification

“…The techniques used for NAPL saturation mapping for flow cell experiments are mostly limited to photon‐attenuation methods such as gamma and X‐ray techniques and photographic methods such as the light reflection, light transmission, and multispectral image analysis techniques. Only the contributions of Johnson and Poeter (2005), using ground‐penetrating radar, and McKenna et al (2001), using three‐dimensional seismic imaging, do not fall into these main categories. All mentioned techniques are nonintrusive and noninvasive.…”

“…If insufficient geological information is available, the authors claim that the method can still be used as a detection tool. Another emerging method to determine NAPL saturations was demonstrated by McKenna et al (2001) They showed that time‐lapse three‐dimensional (TL3‐D) seismic imaging could be used for kerosene saturation estimates in saturated systems with sloped layers. The method could be applied because a sufficient acoustic impedance contrast existed between kerosene and water so that seismic reflections could be obtained from oil–water contacts.…”

“…Research toward simplifying calibration procedures is needed to establish these photographic methods as reliable saturation‐estimation tools. Geophysical methods such as ground‐penetrating radar (Johnson and Poeter, 2005), and three‐dimensional seismic imaging (McKenna et al, 2001), have shown promise for NAPL experiments in flow cells but should be developed further for laboratory applications.…”

Deep learning for high-resolution seismic imaging

“…Seismic imaging technology, as a method to obtain information about underground geological structures by analyzing the propagation and reflection of seismic waves, plays a crucial role in geological exploration 1 – 3 , resource development 4 – 6 , underground water detection 7 , 8 , and other fields. This technology records the vibration signals of seismic waves propagating underground using seismic instruments and processes and interprets these data through mathematical algorithms and signal processing techniques to obtain the physical properties and structural characteristics of underground media.…”