“…Finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) [1], [2], TD integral equation [3], and TD method of moments [4] are some of the low-frequency numerical methods. Time-domain physical optics (TDPO) [5], [6], [7], the TD physical theory of diffraction [8], TD equivalent edge current [9], [10], and time-domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR) [11] are some of the high-frequency numerical methods. In addition, several hybrid algorithms, including FDTD-TDPO [12], [13], have also been established.…”
The signal source of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) usually adopts the linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal, which exhibits the characteristics of a wide pulse. Hence, in the case of usage of the LFM signal by time-domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR) to simulate the SAR echo signal, numerous time sampling points are generated, resulting in huge computational efforts; thereby, it is hard to exploit the TDSBR algorithm for simulating the SAR echo. In order to unlock this dilemma, the hybrid approach, the transfer function in conjunction with the range frequency-domain pulse coherence, is developed, in which the transfer function is stated by the radar cross-section. The proposed methodology is capable of enhancing the computational efficiency through avoiding the massive time sampling, so that the suggested TDSBR approach could be more conveniently applied to the SAR echo simulations. Furthermore, because of the efficiency advantage of the TDSBR in the calculation of wideband scattering field, the proposed methodology exhibits higher computational efficiency than the frequency-domain shooting and bouncing ray in the SAR image simulation. Finally, the key equation of the TDSBR for the transient scattering field of dielectric targets based on a closed-form integration formula is analytically derived, which is the basis of SAR imaging simulation for the composite scene of ships above the sea surface. Index Terms-Composite scattering, dielectric targets, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, time-domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR).
“…Finite-difference timedomain (FDTD) [1], [2], TD integral equation [3], and TD method of moments [4] are some of the low-frequency numerical methods. Time-domain physical optics (TDPO) [5], [6], [7], the TD physical theory of diffraction [8], TD equivalent edge current [9], [10], and time-domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR) [11] are some of the high-frequency numerical methods. In addition, several hybrid algorithms, including FDTD-TDPO [12], [13], have also been established.…”
The signal source of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) usually adopts the linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal, which exhibits the characteristics of a wide pulse. Hence, in the case of usage of the LFM signal by time-domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR) to simulate the SAR echo signal, numerous time sampling points are generated, resulting in huge computational efforts; thereby, it is hard to exploit the TDSBR algorithm for simulating the SAR echo. In order to unlock this dilemma, the hybrid approach, the transfer function in conjunction with the range frequency-domain pulse coherence, is developed, in which the transfer function is stated by the radar cross-section. The proposed methodology is capable of enhancing the computational efficiency through avoiding the massive time sampling, so that the suggested TDSBR approach could be more conveniently applied to the SAR echo simulations. Furthermore, because of the efficiency advantage of the TDSBR in the calculation of wideband scattering field, the proposed methodology exhibits higher computational efficiency than the frequency-domain shooting and bouncing ray in the SAR image simulation. Finally, the key equation of the TDSBR for the transient scattering field of dielectric targets based on a closed-form integration formula is analytically derived, which is the basis of SAR imaging simulation for the composite scene of ships above the sea surface. Index Terms-Composite scattering, dielectric targets, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging, time-domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR).
“…The line integral is mainly used to analyze near field scattering. Fan et al [8] developed a TDPO lineintegral representation for the scattering from a perfectly conducting surface illuminated by an electric Hertzian dipole. The advantage of the line integral expression is that it has the same precision as the surface integral expression.…”
An efficient time domain shooting and bouncing ray (TDSBR) method is proposed to analyze the transient near-field scattering from an electrically large complex object illuminated by a far-field antenna source. The time-domain far-field incident sources can be derived by a convolution of pulsed excitation with the inverse Fourier transform of frequency domain (FD) far-fields radiated from an antenna. In order to obtain accurate near-field scattering results, time domain physical optics (TDPO) near-field integral representations are proposed and reduced to closed-form expressions to improve computing efficiency by applying locally expanded Green function approximation. Different from the plane wave incident situation, in the case of antenna radiation, the incident fields of each individual facet in the ray path are represented by the radiation fields from the equivalent mirror antenna derived in this paper. Since the radiation fields naturally contains the time delay term, the complicated processing of the time delay problem can be avoided by solving the equivalent mirror antenna radiation fields. It is simpler and more accurate than the traditional time domain geometrical optics (TDGO) method. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method. INDEX TERMS Time domain (TD), shooting and bouncing ray (SBR), near-field scattering, far-field antenna sources.
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