Time‐dependent properties of epoxy resin with imidazolium ionic liquid

Fonseca, Eduardo; Silva, Vinícius Demétrio da; Amico, Sandro Campos; Pupure, Liva; Joffe, Roberts; Schrekker, Henri Stephan

doi:10.1002/app.51369

Cited by 6 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(69 reference statements)

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“…TSSP is advantageous compared to TTSP because there is no need to use elevated temperatures, which may alter the chemical structure of the polymers tested. This fact is used in the related prediction technique, i.e., the stepped isostress method (SSM), allowing construction of the entire creep master curve by testing only one sample subjected to successively increasing stepped stresses [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. At the same time, TSSP could have some limitations in terms of stress and time due to the differences in creep mechanisms under low and high loads.…”

Section: Models For Predicting Materials Durability and Service Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, the relationship for

determination can be derived from the Eyring-type equation (Equation (3)). By comparing two different strain rates

and

for two different stress levels

and

, at the same temperature

, the shift function is given by the relation [ 42 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]:

where B is a constant related to the activation volume.…”

Section: Models For Predicting Materials Durability and Service Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Creep lifetime is strongly related to the accumulation of irreversible strains; thus, models for predicting their evolution are of great interest. The viscoplastic strain is expressed as nonlinear functions of stress, time, temperature, etc., e.g., Zapas–Crisman model discussed elsewhere [ 65 , 112 , 116 , 117 ]. Identification of multiple model parameters requires an extensive testing campaign that is often not justified in terms of costs.…”

Section: Models For Predicting Materials Durability and Service Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods

et al. 2022

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Polymers and polymer composites are negatively impacted by environmental ageing, reducing their service lifetimes. The uncertainty of the material interaction with the environment compromises their superior strength and stiffness. Validation of new composite materials and structures often involves lengthy and expensive testing programs. Therefore, modelling is an affordable alternative that can partly replace extensive testing and thus reduce validation costs. Durability prediction models are often subject to conflicting requirements of versatility and minimum experimental efforts required for their validation. Based on physical observations of composite macroproperties, engineering and phenomenological models provide manageable representations of complex mechanistic models. This review offers a systematised overview of the state-of-the-art models and accelerated testing methodologies for predicting the long-term mechanical performance of polymers and polymer composites. Accelerated testing methods for predicting static, creep, and fatig ue lifetime of various polymers and polymer composites under environmental factors’ single or coupled influence are overviewed. Service lifetimes are predicted by means of degradation rate models, superposition principles, and parametrisation techniques. This review is a continuation of the authors’ work on modelling environmental ageing of polymer composites: the first part of the review covered multiscale and modular modelling methods of environmental degradation. The present work is focused on modelling engineering mechanical properties.

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Section: Models For Predicting Materials Durability and Service Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, the relationship for

determination can be derived from the Eyring-type equation (Equation (3)). By comparing two different strain rates

and

for two different stress levels

and

, at the same temperature

, the shift function is given by the relation [ 42 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]:

where B is a constant related to the activation volume.…”

Section: Models For Predicting Materials Durability and Service Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Models For Predicting Materials Durability and Service Lifetimementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods

et al. 2022

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“…18 This can improve, for instance, toughness and viscoelastic properties, thus, under loading at high temperature. 19 The cation and anion associated with the IL influence the properties of epoxy as well as the curing characteristics. 20 In particular, imidazolium-based IL provide a stronger interaction with carbon-based materials, promoting crosslinking in the epoxy resin, and causing a plasticizing effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 This can improve, for instance, toughness and viscoelastic properties, thus, under loading at high temperature. 19…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermomechanical properties of imidazolium ionic liquid-modified mwcnt/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composite laminates

Ghafoor

Farooq

Schrekker

et al. 2023

Journal of Composite Materials

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Hybrid composite laminates with nanofillers are high performance materials for thermal and structural applications. In this work, multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were non-covalently modified by treating them with 1 wt% or 5 wt% of ionic liquid (IL), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. The treated MWCNT were dispersed in epoxy resin (weight content: 0.2–2 wt% or 1 to 3 wt%, respectively) and used to obtain hybrid composite laminates based on carbon fibers (CF) molded by hand layup and vacuum bagging techniques. The hybrid composite laminate containing 1 wt% of MWCNT modified with 1 wt% of IL showed the best mechanical and thermomechanical properties, including an increase of 210% and 151% in flexural strength and modulus, and an increase of 101%, 116% and 29.3% in storage modulus, loss modulus and damping, respectively. Scanning and transmission electron micrographs showed the enhanced MWCNT dispersion and network at low IL content, justifying its improved mechanical properties. The application of a low amount of IL dispersant was found a promising approach to prepare MWCNT/CF/epoxy composites with enhanced properties.

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Rheology, curing and time‐dependent behavior of epoxy/carbon nanoparticles systems

Bianchi,

Cruz,

Paim

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study delved into the characterization of epoxy nanocomposites containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGBEA), graphene nanoplates (GN), and carbon nanotubes (CNT) across a range of weight percentages (0.05% to 2%). The nanocomposites were produced through a process involving mechanical stirring and ultrasonication. To assess compatibility, three‐dimensional solubility parameters (3DSP) were employed. CNT demonstrated superior compatibility with epoxy and triethylenetetramine (TETA), due to its higher amount of oxygenated species in nanoparticle surface compared to GN. A rheological percolation phenomenon occurred in CNT systems at concentrations above 0.2%, while GN did not display percolation even at 2% concentration. Incorporating nanoparticles led to increased curing enthalpy due to surface functional groups. As the percolation network formed, viscosity rose, and a reduced glass transition temperature (Tg) indicated restricted molecular mobility. Surprisingly, Tg consistently increased by approximately 27°C during composite annealing, regardless of nanoparticle type or concentration. This was attributed to forming a three‐dimensional network structure potentially originating from reactions between nanoparticle‐oxygenated groups and the epoxy matrix. This phenomenon was crucial in heightened creep and irreversible deformations, setting these nanocomposites apart from pure resin behavior.

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Time‐dependent properties of epoxy resin with imidazolium ionic liquid

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods

Modelling of Environmental Ageing of Polymers and Polymer Composites—Durability Prediction Methods

Thermomechanical properties of imidazolium ionic liquid-modified mwcnt/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composite laminates

Rheology, curing and time‐dependent behavior of epoxy/carbon nanoparticles systems

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