Time-dependent in-vivo effects of interleukin-2 on neurotransmitters in various cortices: Relationships with depressive-related and anxiety-like behaviour

Effects of Roncoleukin on Measures of Immunity and the Anxious-Depressive State Induced by Chronic Social Stress in Male Mice

“…The literature also contains reports that interleukin-2 has a prodepressant action in rodents and humans [14,17,19,22]. In our experiments, it had more of a stimulatory effect, and on this background a mild antidepressant action was seen on the behavior of male mice in which an anxious-depressive state had been induced.…”

“…It has been found to have an anxiogenic effect [31,32], which is consistent with our results. The cytokine has also been shown not to have any effect on anxiety levels [13,22,29]. Data have been obtained showing that depending on the dose and test used, interleukin-2 can have either anxiolytic or, as in our experiments, anxiogenic actions [23,24].…”

“…Interleukin-2 has been shown to activate tryptophan degradation via the kynurenine pathway, thus decreasing serotonin synthesis in the brain [16]. Furthermore, it inhibits the serotoninergic system in various areas of the cerebral cortex, decreasing the extracellular 5-HT level in the medial prefrontal, occipital, and temporal cortex in intact mice [22] and it is able to activate the serotoninergic system in the hippocampus [33]. An explanation of the contradictions in these data may lie in the details of the models used.…”

Association of inflammatory biomarkers with depressive symptoms and cognitive decline in a community-dwelling healthy older sample: A 3-year follow-up study

“…IL-6: interleukin-6, hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein, sIL-2R: soluble interleukin-2 receptor, sIL-6R: soluble interleukin-6 receptor, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination. study showed that the injection of IL-2 in various cortical areas by invivo microdialysis reduced extracellular 5-HT levels in the medial, prefrontal, occipital, and temporal cortices, and that IL-2 had dosedependent effects on depressive-related behavior using a forced swim test (Karrenbauer et al, 2011). However, there has been little direct evidence for the involvement of IL-2 in cognitive decline (McAfoose and Baune, 2009).…”

Immunoadolescence: Neuroimmune development and adolescent behavior

“…However, recent findings suggest that developmental events during adolescence share a bi-directional relationship with immune mechanisms. For example, the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 has been shown to modulate dopamine levels and dopamine-mediated behaviors in developing and adult rodents (Karrenbauer et al, 2011; Lapchak, 1992). This impact of IL-2 on dopamine signaling is of particular clinical importance because IL-2 is a current cancer treatment that is complicated by marked neurobehavioral side-effects involving anhedonia and depression (Capuron et al, 2000).…”