Time-dependent electron emission from ferroelectrics by external pulsed electric fields

Gundel, Hartmut; Handerek, J.; Riege, H.

doi:10.1063/1.347290

Cited by 108 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Only a few of them could be examined more carefully and are dealt with below. The choice of the FE cathode material, the preparation methods, and the geometry of samples and excitation electrodes described in earlier references [3], [4], and [7], though not optimized, favoured strong FE emission. The density of switchable FE domains is very sensitive to heat treatments during the material production and sample preparation processes.…”

Section: Technological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electrostatic and magnetic focusing can be applied before the beam reaches the post-accelerating gap. Figures 6a and 6b show the focusing and high repetition rate capabilities of this type of gun [4], [9]. Also laser-driven electron guns with FE cathodes can be used following the same principle of Fig.…”

Section: Applications and Technical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The electrons are emitted from the FE surface into the adjacent vacuum or gas-filled volume with finite kinetic energies, which may reach values above 100 keV [1], [2], [8], and [14]. It is important for technical applications that FE emission, other than friction-induced emission from insulators, can be easily controlled in space and time [4]. Since the rapid change of spontaneous polarization P s is characterized by a typical hysteresis curve, the FE electron emission can only start above a defined threshold of thermal, mechanical, optical, or electrical excitation energy.…”

Section: Basic Features Of Fe Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). The charge separation can be induced by applying a fast temperature rise [2], a mechanical pressure pulse (formerly used in fire lighters), a laser pulse [5] or a high-voltage (HV) pulse [3], [4], and [6] to the FE sample. With all these different excitation methods a fast change (switching) of the spontaneous FE polarization P s is induced, which is equivalent to the momentary appearance of high surface charge densities.…”

Section: Basic Features Of Fe Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferroelectric electron emission: Principles and technology

Riege¹

1997

Applied Surface Science

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The spontaneous electrical polarization of ferroelectric materials can be changed either by reversal or by phase transition from a ferroelectric into a non-ferroelectric state or vice versa. If spontaneous polarization changes are induced with fast heat, mechanical pressure, laser or electric field pulses on a submicrosecond time scale, strong uncompensated surface charge densities and related polarization fields are generated, which may lead to the intense selfemission of electrons from the negatively charged free surface areas of the ferroelectric sample. Hence, electron guns can be built with extraction-field-free ferroelectric cathodes, which may be easily separated from the high-field regions of post-accelerating gap structures. The intensity, the energy, the temporal and spatial distribution, and the repetitition rate of the emitted electron beams can be controlled within wide limits via the excitation pulses and external focusing and accelerating electromagnetic fields. The technological advantages and difficulties of ferroelectric cathodes during production and in practical operation are identified and discussed. A new design of electron guns with ferroelectric cathodes is described. Experience with a few applications of ferroelectric electron emission is reported and suggestions for further applications are made.

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Section: Technological Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Applications and Technical Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Features Of Fe Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Features Of Fe Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ferroelectric electron emission: Principles and technology

Riege¹

1997

Applied Surface Science

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“…[2,3]. 'Strong electron emission' of more than 100 A/cm 2 from FE ceramics was detected at CERN in 1988 [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. Later on different methods were studied in other laboratories to extract intense electron beams from FE cathodes (for example, Refs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features and technology of ferroelectric electron emission

Riege

Boscolo

Handerek

et al. 1998

Journal of Applied Physics

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Spontaneous electrical polarization of ferroelectric materials can be changed either by reversal or by phase transition from a ferroelectric into a non-polar state or vice versa. If spontaneous polarization changes are induced at a submicrosecond time-scale, strong uncompensated surface charge densities and related fields are generated, which may lead to the intense self-emission of electrons from the negatively-charged free surface areas of the ferroelectric cathode. The nature of this self-emission differs essentially from other methods of ferroelectric electron emission and from conventional electron emission in that the latter methods are only achieved by extracting electrons with externally applied electric fields. When electron guns are constructed with ferroelectric cathodes, new design criteria have to be taken into account. The intensity, the energy, the temporal and spatial distribution and the repetition rate of the emitted electron beams can be adjusted within wide limits. The advantages of ferroelectric cathodes and the technological difficulties arising during their production, preparation, and operation are identified and discussed and solutions to the problems are proposed. Experiences with a few applications of ferroelectric electron emission are reported and suggestions for further applications are made.

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Electron Emission of (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti) O3 Ceramics Excited by AC (50 Hz) Electric Field

Biedrzycki

Aboura

Chartier

et al. 1992

Phys. Stat. Sol. (a)

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AC field‐excited electron emission from 5.1/65/35 and 10.4/64/36 PLZT ceramic samples is investigated. The electrons are emitted only during every second half‐period of the applied ac electric field. In the diffuse phase transition regions, the intensity of the electron emission for 5.1/65/35 ceramic samples increases with temperature and decreases for 10.4/63/36 ones. The time distributions of electrons emitted during the emissively active field half‐period are also different. The mechanism of this electron emission, based on electron tunnelling from a surface space‐charge layer into vacuum is discussed.

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Time-dependent electron emission from ferroelectrics by external pulsed electric fields

Cited by 108 publications

References 14 publications

Ferroelectric electron emission: Principles and technology

Ferroelectric electron emission: Principles and technology

Features and technology of ferroelectric electron emission

Electron Emission of (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti) O3 Ceramics Excited by AC (50 Hz) Electric Field

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