Time Dependence of the Flux of Helium Nuclei in Cosmic Rays Measured by the PAMELA Experiment between 2006 July and 2009 December

Marcelli, N.; Boezio, M.; Lenni, A.; Menn, W.; Munini, R.; Aslam, O. P. M.; Bisschoff, Driaan; Ngobeni, Donald; Potgieter, M. S.; Adriani, O.; Barbarino, G. C.; Bazilevskaya, G. A.; Bellotti, R.; Bogomolov, É. A.; Bongi, M.; Bonvicini, V.; Bruno, A.; Cafagna, F.; Campana, D.; Carlson, P.; Casolino, M.; Castellini, G.; Santis, C. De; Galper, A. M.; Koldashov, S. V.; Koldobskiy, S.; Kvashnin, A. N.; Leonov, A.; Malakhov, V.; Marcelli, L.; Martucci, M.; Mayorov, A. G.; Мерге, М.; Mocchiutti, E.; Monaco, A.; Mori, N.; Михайлов, В. В.; Osteria, G.; Panico, B.; Papini, P.; Pearce, Mark; Picozza, P.; Ricci, M.; Ricciarini, S.; Simon, M.; Sotgiu, Alessandro; Sparvoli, R.; Спиллантини, П.; Stozhkov, Y. I.; Vacchi, A.; Vannuccini, E.; Vasilyev, G.; Voronov, S. A.; Yurkin, Y. T.; Zampa, G.; Zampa, N.

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab80c2

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…Figure 6. The very local interstellar spectra (VLISs) at the heliopause (HP) (122 AU) for galactic protons (black line), electrons (blue line) and total helium (red lines) with observations at the HP from Voyager 1 [19] and Voyager 2 [7], and corresponding spectra at the Earth from AMS-02 [5] and PAMELA [80,136,137].…”

Section: The Question Of Vliss At the Heliopausementioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Anti-Matter

Potgieter

Aslam

Bisschoff

et al. 2021

Physics

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Global modulation studies with comprehensive numerical models contribute meaningfully to the refinement of very local interstellar spectra (VLISs) for cosmic rays. Modulation of positrons and anti-protons are investigated to establish how the ratio of their intensity, and with respect to electrons and protons, are changing with solar activity. This includes the polarity reversal of the solar magnetic field which creates a 22-year modulation cycle. Modeling illustrates how they are modulated over time and the particle drift they experience which is significant at lower kinetic energy. The VLIS for anti-protons has a peculiar spectral shape in contrast to protons so that the total modulation of anti-protons is awkwardly different to that for protons. We find that the proton-to-anti-proton ratio between 1–2 GeV may change by a factor of 1.5 over a solar cycle and that the intensity for anti-protons may decrease by a factor of ~2 at 100 MeV during this cycle. A composition is presented of VLIS for protons, deuteron, helium isotopes, electrons, and particularly for positrons and anti-protons. Gaining knowledge of their respective 11 and 22 year modulation is useful to interpret observations of low-energy anti-nuclei at the Earth as tests of dark matter annihilation.

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Section: The Question Of Vliss At the Heliopausementioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective on the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Anti-Matter

Potgieter

Aslam

Bisschoff

et al. 2021

Physics

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“…For the conversion from rigidity to kinetic energy, all helium-nuclei events were treated as 4 He. More details on the analysis procedure used, the selection efficiencies, and systematic errors, can be found in [7,8,11].…”

Section: Data Analisysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, its redundant detectors and high precision measurements permitted unprecedented statistics. The PAMELA collaboration already published several papers on CR solar modulation: protons [7,8], electrons and positrons [9,10], the time-dependent helium spectra during the 23rd solar minimum (July 2006 -December 2009) [11] and it is in preparation an article on the time-dependent helium spectra during the 24th solar maximum (January 2010 -September 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A full solar cycle of proton and helium measurements

Marcelli¹,

Boezio²,

Munini³

et al. 2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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Time-dependent energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. When observed at the Earth, these spectra are significantly affected by the solar wind and the embedded solar magnetic field that permeates the heliosphere, changing significantly over an 11-year solar cycle. Energy spectra of GCRs measured during different epochs of solar activity provide crucial information for a thorough understanding of solar and heliospheric phenomena. The PAMELA experiment had collected data for almost ten years (15 June 2006 -23 January 2016), including the minimum phase of solar cycle 23 and the maximum phase of solar cycle 24. Here, we present spectra for protons and helium-nuclei measured by the PAMELA instrument from 2006 to 2014. Time profiles of the proton-to-helium flux ratio at various rigidities were also investigated, allowing the study of all characteristic features resulting from their different mass-to-charge ratio and the difference in the shape of their respective local interstellar spectra. The force-field approximation of the solar modulation was used to relate these dependencies to the different shapes of the local interstellar proton and helium-nuclei spectra.

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“…The use of AMS-02 data therefore allows us to directly quantify the contribution of heavy nuclei species to the NM response. Taking into account the fact that solar modulation of protons and helium nuclei have a complicated picture as obtained by AMS-02 and PAMELA experiments [10,11] and another fact that neutron monitors are energy-integrating devices, we are currently unable to reconstruct proton and helium fluxes separately from NM data.…”

Section: Pos(icrc2021)1284mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of heavier-than-proton nuclei in neutron monitor response

Koldobskiy¹,

Kovaltsov²,

Usoskin³

2021

Proceedings of 37th International Cosmic Ray Conference — PoS(ICRC2021)

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Heavier-than-proton nuclei in cosmic rays are responsible for up to 45% of neutron monitor (NM) response depending on the level of solar modulation as well as the geomagnetic rigidity cutoff and altitude of a given NM location. Therefore, a careful consideration of these heavy species is important for an accurate analysis of NM data, including a reconstruction of the solar modulation potential using the worldwide NM network data. Recently, the AMS-02 experiment allowed us to directly verify the NM response to heavy particles. In this work, we evaluate the expected contribution of heavy nuclei into the NM response considering different models of the local interstellar spectrum and also for different levels of solar activity.

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Time Dependence of the Flux of Helium Nuclei in Cosmic Rays Measured by the PAMELA Experiment between 2006 July and 2009 December

Abstract: Precise time-dependent measurements of the Z = 2 component in the cosmic radiation provide crucial information about the propagation of charged particles through the heliosphere. The PAMELA experiment, with its long flight duration (15

Cited by 26 publications

References 38 publications

A Perspective on the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Anti-Matter

A Perspective on the Solar Modulation of Cosmic Anti-Matter

A full solar cycle of proton and helium measurements

Role of heavier-than-proton nuclei in neutron monitor response

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