Time-Course of Satisfaction of Search

Berbaum, Kevin S.; Franken, E. A.; Rooholamini, Seyed A.; Coffman, Carolyn Ely; Cornell, Steven H.; Cragg, Andrew H.; Galvin, Jeffrey R.; Honda, H.; Kao, S. C. S.; Kimball, Debra A.; Ryals, T. J.; Sickels, William J.; Smith, Austen

doi:10.1097/00004424-199012000-00045

Cited by 20 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…A third possible explanation for SSM errors is that searchers become biased to find additional targets similar to the first-found target (Berbaum et al, 1991;Berbaum et al, 1990;Berbaum et al, 2010). This account is the primary focus of the present study, and here we will refer to this hypothesized mechanism as the "similarity bias" account.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…For example, the original explanation-and the source of the original name-claimed that searchers became "satisfied" with the meaning of the search upon locating a first target and terminated their search prematurely (Smith, 1967;Tuddenham, 1962); however, more recent evidence has shown that searchers do continue searching after a first-found target (e.g., Berbaum et al, 1991;Berbaum et al, 1990;Fleck, Samei, & Mitroff, 2010). Another proposed explanation for SSM errors is a resource depletion account (Berbaum et al, 1991;, which suggests that valuable cognitive resources (e.g., attention and working memory) are consumed by the found target. For example, a searcher might need to maintain the identity and location of the first-found target, thereby consuming attention and/or working memory resources, while leaving fewer resources available during subsequent search.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In radiology, significant SSM errors were observed even when multiple targets in the same search array shared perceptual 1 Note that this hypothesized explanation was originally referred to as the "perceptual set" account (e.g., Berbaum et al, 1991;Berbaum et al, 1990), but we have relabeled it here, given that we examine both a perceptual and a conceptual aspect to the effect (see below). We have opted to use a more generic label that can allow for SSM errors being affected by a perceptual bias, a conceptual bias, or both.…”

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Examining perceptual and conceptual set biases in multiple-target visual search

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Adamo

Dowd

et al. 2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Visual search is a common practice conducted countless times every day, and one important aspect of visual search is that multiple targets can appear in a single search array. For example, an X-ray image of airport luggage could contain both a water bottle and a gun. Searchers are more likely to miss additional targets after locating a first target in multiple-target searches, which presents a potential problem: If airport security officers were to find a water bottle, would they then be more likely to miss a gun? One hypothetical cause of multiple-target search errors is that searchers become biased to detect additional targets that are similar to a found target, and therefore become less likely to find additional targets that are dissimilar to the first target. This particular hypothesis has received theoretical, but little empirical, support. In the present study, we tested the bounds of this idea by utilizing "big data" obtained from the mobile application Airport Scanner. Multiple-target search errors were substantially reduced when the two targets were identical, suggesting that the first-found target did indeed create biases during subsequent search. Further analyses delineated the nature of the biases, revealing both a perceptual set bias (i.e., a bias to find additional targets with features similar to those of the firstfound target) and a conceptual set bias (i.e., a bias to find additional targets with a conceptual relationship to the firstfound target). These biases are discussed in terms of the implications for visual-search theories and applications for professional visual searchers.

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confidence: 99%

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Examining perceptual and conceptual set biases in multiple-target visual search

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Adamo

Dowd

et al. 2015

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…An SOS effect in chest radiology, defined operationally as a reduced accuracy in detecting native abnormalities on chest radiographs in the presence of simulated pulmonary nodules, has been demonstrated [1][2][3].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…An obvious radiology examination in which to study the effects of CAD on SOS is chest radiography. Not only have SOS effects on the detection of lung nodules and other abnormalities been quantified [1][2][3][4], CAD systems for nodule detection in chest imaging are also well developed and commercially available [5][6][7].…”

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confidence: 99%

Does Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Lung Tumors Change Satisfaction of Search in Chest Radiography?

et al. 2007

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Rationale and Objectives-Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) has been developed to ensure that the radiologist considers suspect focal opacities that may represent cancer in chest radiography. Although CAD was not developed to counteract the satisfaction of search (SOS) effect, it may be an effective intervention to do so. The objective of this study is to determine whether an idealized CAD can reduce SOS effects in chest radiography.Materials and Methods-Fifty-seven chest radiographs, half of which demonstrated diverse, native abnormalities were read twice by 16 observers, once with and once without the addition of a simulated pulmonary nodule. Simulated CAD prompts were provided during the interpretation, which unerringly pointed to the added simulated nodule. Area under the ROC curve for detecting the native abnormalities was estimated for each observer in each treatment condition. In addition to testing for the SOS effect in the presence of CAD prompts, results were compared to those of a previous SOS study.Results-Significantly more nodules were reported in the SOS with CAD experiment than in the original SOS experiment (49 vs. 43, p < 0.01). An SOS effect was found even when CAD prompts were provided; ROC areas for detecting native abnormalities were reduced with added nodules (0.68 vs. 0.65, p(one-tailed) < 0.05). Comparison of the current experiment with CAD and the previous SOS experiments failed to show a significant difference of the magnitude of the SOS effect (p = 0.52). The threshold for reporting was more conservative with CAD prompts than in SOS studies (p = 0.052).Conclusion-Our results indicate that the CAD prompts, even those that always point to their target lesion without false-positive error, fail to counteract SOS in chest radiography. The stricter decision thresholds with CAD prompts may indicate less visual search for native abnormalities.

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Improving the Efficacy of Security Screening Tasks: A Review of Visual Search Challenges and Ways to Mitigate Their Adverse Effects

Biggs

Mitroff

2014

Applied Cognitive Psychology

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Security checkpoints are used to keep potentially dangerous items and individuals out of secure areas. Although technological advances can enhance security efficacy through both accuracy and speed, ultimate success or failure is largely determined by human performance. As such, it is necessary to minimize any shortcomings that stem from the limits of human cognitive abilities. Cognitive performance can be influenced by numerous factors, including those imposed by the search task (e.g., the number of prohibited items) and the basic abilities of the searchers themselves (e.g., competency and experience). Here, we review and discuss four specific challenges of the task itself that can negatively affect the accuracy of a security screening: target visibility, an unknown target set, the possible presence of multiple targets, and low target prevalence. For each, we present the challenge faced and the potential significance of the challenge and then offer possible solutions on the basis of the existing literature.

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Time-Course of Satisfaction of Search

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Examining perceptual and conceptual set biases in multiple-target visual search

Examining perceptual and conceptual set biases in multiple-target visual search

Does Computer-Aided Diagnosis for Lung Tumors Change Satisfaction of Search in Chest Radiography?

Improving the Efficacy of Security Screening Tasks: A Review of Visual Search Challenges and Ways to Mitigate Their Adverse Effects

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