Time-based LC-MS/MS analysis provides insights into early responses to mechanical wounding, a major trigger to agarwood formation in <i>Aquilaria malaccensis</i> Lam

Hishamuddin, Muhammad Syahmi; Lee, Shiou Yih; Isa, Nurulfiza Mat; Lamasudin, Dhilia Udie; Abidin, Syafiq Asnawi Zainal; Mohamed, Rozi

doi:10.1039/c8ra10616a

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Microbial invasion occurred in the lower part of the tree and spread to the entire tree, possibly through transpiration [1]. The injection of G. candidum leads A. sinensis to synthesize secondary metabolites to suppress microbial attack and then causes necrosis of the host cells [48]. Alkaloids produced in AAA pathways act as defense compounds in plants and are efficient against pathogens and predators due to their toxicity [49].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Vertical and Horizontal Phytocompound Changes during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis after Geotrichum candidum Injection

Chen,

Arumsari,

Chu

2023

Life

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(1) Background: Agarwood is an aromatic resin produced by the host tree through an immunological response against biotic and abiotic stress. The aim was, first, to use the fungus Geotrichum candidum to stimulate compound changes in Aquilaria sinensis horizontally (color formation) and vertically (cutting layers) after injection with it. (2) Methods: Horizontal and vertical sections were collected and separated five months after injection with the fungal broth. Two grams of dry powder was mixed with 20 mL methanol for 3 h at room temperature, and the solution was vibrated in an ultrasonic cleaner bath at 40 °C for 1 h. After vacuum drying, a concentration of 10 mg/mL of the tested samples in methanol was prepared for reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. (3) Results: The horizontal changes in the compounds and their concentrations were associated with color. Compared to the normal (N) group, G. candidum injection stimulated more compounds at RT 27–42 in the white (W) group, brown (BR) group, and black (B) group. Furthermore, a significant increase in fatty acids was observed in the W group, implying an early plant response after G. candidum injection. In the BR group, the compounds were more similar to commercial agarwood (Out group). In the B group, alkaloids were the main compounds. Vertical changes in the main compounds were not observed, although the compound level varied. A TLC analysis determined the main compounds in the BR group at 254 nm and in the B group at 365 nm. Higher fatty acid levels were found in L6 and L5 and were correlated with higher terpenoid and sesquiterpene levels, suggesting that these compounds were possibly the first stage of agarwood formation. A GC/MS analysis demonstrated that the main compound groups were almost identical to the BR parts. (4) Conclusions: The injection of G. candidum led A. sinensis to synthesize different phytochemicals horizontally, not vertically, in the BR group.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Vertical and Horizontal Phytocompound Changes during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis after Geotrichum candidum Injection

Chen,

Arumsari,

Chu

2023

Life

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“…BR was able to improve plant abiotic stress resistance, including mechanical damage stress [ 20 ]. Drought, salt, low and high temperature stresses were important factors leading to abiotic stress in plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brassinosteroid Accelerates Wound Healing of Potato Tubers by Activation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolism and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

Han

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2022

Foods

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Wound healing could effectively reduce the decay rate of potato tubers after harvest, but it took a long time to form typical and complete healing structures. Brassinosteroid (BR), as a sterol hormone, is important for enhancing plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, it has not been reported that if BR affects wound healing of potato tubers. In the present study, we observed that BR played a positive role in the accumulation of lignin and suberin polyphenolic (SPP) at the wounds, and effectively reduced the weight loss and disease index of potato tubers (cv. Atlantic) during healing. At the end of healing, the weight loss and disease index of BR group was 30.8% and 23.1% lower than the control, respectively. Furthermore, BR activated the expression of StPAL, St4CL, StCAD genes and related enzyme activities in phenylpropanoid metabolism, and promoted the synthesis of lignin precursors and phenolic acids at the wound site, mainly by inducing the synthesis of caffeic acid, sinapic acid and cinnamyl alcohol. Meanwhile, the expression of StNOX was induced and the production of O2− and H2O2 was promoted, which mediated oxidative crosslinking of above phenolic acids and lignin precursors to form SPP and lignin. In addition, the expression level of StPOD was partially increased. In contrast, the inhibitor brassinazole inhibited phenylpropanoid metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism, and demonstrated the function of BR hormone in healing in reverse. Taken together, the activation of reactive oxygen metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism by BR could accelerate the wound healing of potato tubers.

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The induction techniques of resinous agarwood formation: A review

Ngadiran

Baba

Nor

et al. 2023

Bioresource Technology Reports

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Time-based LC-MS/MS analysis provides insights into early responses to mechanical wounding, a major trigger to agarwood formation in Aquilaria malaccensis Lam

Abstract: Mechanical wounding triggers agarwood synthesis pathways in Aquilaria malaccensis.

Cited by 8 publications

References 39 publications

Progressive Vertical and Horizontal Phytocompound Changes during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis after Geotrichum candidum Injection

Progressive Vertical and Horizontal Phytocompound Changes during Agarwood Formation in Aquilaria sinensis after Geotrichum candidum Injection

Brassinosteroid Accelerates Wound Healing of Potato Tubers by Activation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolism and Phenylpropanoid Metabolism

The induction techniques of resinous agarwood formation: A review

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