Tight and Compact MILP Formulation for the Thermal Unit Commitment Problem

System-Level Operational and Adequacy Impact Assessment of Photovoltaic and Distributed Energy Storage, with Consideration of Inertial Constraints, Dynamic Reserve and Interconnection Flexibility

“…In this case, primary frequency response (PFR) is activated in order to confine the variation of system frequency and recover it to a normal range within a pre-set timeframe. Many publications, even recent ones, on UC research do not consider a PFR constraint [24,[32][33][34] or only consider a total PFR Figure 1. Residential sector annual demand breakdown for Great Britain [3].…”

“…In this case, primary frequency response (PFR) is activated in order to confine the variation of system frequency and recover it to a normal range within a pre-set timeframe. Many publications, even recent ones, on UC research do not consider a PFR constraint [24,[32][33][34] or only consider a total PFR requirement instead of linking the PFR provision rate requirement with system inertia in UC optimisation [31]. Considering the high penetration level of non-synchronous RES which can result in a low-inertia system [35] and the increment of the largest generation loss due to the construction of nuclear plant in the future, both PFR provision rate and full requirement are expected to have a substantial increase (however, the requirements for PFR could potentially be reduced if nuclear plants are incentivised to operate in part-loaded mode).…”

Assessment of operation reserves in hydrothermal electric systems with high wind generation

“…• On the one hand, the effect in the operation reserve usage of the hourly energy-block operation planning versus the 5-min economic dispatch and • On the other hand, the impact of the uncertainty in the use of the operation reserves procured The operation planning of the system is formulated as a tight and compact hourly Unit Commitment (UC) solved as a MIP optimization problem, based on [2] and [7]. Hydro units are represented into the system in an aggregated manner.…”

“…• A detailed representation of the power system short-term operation in an energy-based UC including startup and shutdown ramps of thermal units, based on [7] and [8].…”

“…The mathematical formulation of the selection of any of the possible startup and shutdown trajectories in a UC is detailed in [8]. This model also takes into account the up and down secondary reserves, up and down power ramps, minimum up and down times, see references [2] and [7]. Whereas the thermal generation is usually represented by individual physical units, the hydro generation presents different options regarding its modeling.…”