Tick Control in a Connected World: Challenges, Solutions, and Public Policy from a United States Border Perspective

Abstract

Ticks are able to transmit the highest number of pathogen species of any blood-feeding arthropod and represent a growing threat to public health and agricultural systems worldwide. While there are numerous and varied causes and effects of changes to tick-borne disease (re)emergence, three primary challenges to tick control were identified in this review from a U.S. borders perspective. (1) Climate change is implicated in current and future alterations to geographic ranges and population densities of tick species, pathogens they can transmit, and their host and reservoir species, as highlighted by Ixodes scapularis and its expansion across southern Canada. (2) Modern technological advances have created an increasingly interconnected world, contributing to an increase in invasive tick species introductions through the increased speed and frequency of trade and travel. The introduction of the invasive Haemaphysalis longicornis in the eastern U.S. exemplifies the challenges with control in a highly interconnected world. (3) Lastly, while not a new challenge, differences in disease surveillance, control, and management strategies in bordering countries remains a critical challenge in managing ticks and tick-borne diseases. International inter-agency collaborations along the U.S.–Mexico border have been critical in control and mitigation of cattle fever ticks (Rhipicephalus spp.) and highlight the need for continued collaboration and research into integrated tick management strategies. These case studies were used to identify challenges and opportunities for tick control and mitigation efforts through a One Health framework.

Efficacy of recombinant enolase as a candidate vaccine against Haemaphysalis longicornis tick infestation in mice

“…The global livestock sector is facing an escalating threat from H. longicornis [ 20 ]. Ticks are challenging to control due to their rapid rate of reproduction and pesticide tolerance [ 21 ].…”

Testing Efficacy of a Conserved Polypeptide from the Bm86 Protein against Rhipicephalus microplus in the Mexican Tropics

“…Finally, immunological control emerges as a financially feasible and ecologically favorable alternative, with high potential in developing integrated tick management options involving the rational use of acaricides, cultural practices, and/or biological control agents. This all-inclusive strategy aims to reduce the excessive use of acaricides, environmental contamination, and animal/human health risks, following the One Health context [ 65 ].…”

From Tick to Test: A Comprehensive Review of Tick-Borne Disease Diagnostics and Surveillance Methods in the United States

“…By providing accurate, localized information, these campaigns empower individuals to take proactive measures to protect themselves. Furthermore, understanding the prevalence of specific diseases in different regions helps prioritize public health resources for education, outreach, and control efforts [87].…”