From Tick to Test: A Comprehensive Review of Tick-Borne Disease Diagnostics and Surveillance Methods in the United States

Abstract

Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) have become a significant public health concern in the United States over the past few decades. The increasing incidence and geographical spread of these diseases have prompted the implementation of robust surveillance systems to monitor their prevalence, distribution, and impact on human health. This comprehensive review describes key disease features with the geographical distribution of all known tick-borne pathogens in the United States, along with examining disease surveillance efforts, focusing on strategies, challenges, and advancements. Surveillance methods include passive and active surveillance, laboratory-based surveillance, sentinel surveillance, and a One Health approach. Key surveillance systems, such as the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), TickNET, and the Tick-Borne Disease Laboratory Network (TBDLN), are discussed. Data collection and reporting challenges, such as underreporting and misdiagnosis, are highlighted. The review addresses challenges, including lack of standardization, surveillance in non-human hosts, and data integration. Innovations encompass molecular techniques, syndromic surveillance, and tick surveillance programs. Implications for public health cover prevention strategies, early detection, treatment, and public education. Future directions emphasize enhanced surveillance networks, integrated vector management, research priorities, and policy implications. This review enhances understanding of TBD surveillance, aiding in informed decision-making for effective disease prevention and control. By understanding the current surveillance landscape, public health officials, researchers, and policymakers can make informed decisions to mitigate the burden of (TBDs).

Tick-borne diseases in the US

“…The CDC conducts national surveillance through data reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS) as well as through the Tick-Borne Diseases Network (TickNET), a collaboration with state health departments that includes surveillance, research, and education. 16 The infections discussed in this article are usually rare; however, given how common exposure to ticks can be and the increasing frequency of such diseases, it is critically important that clinicians recognize the signs and symptoms, especially since many tick bites go unrecognized. 6 Treatment for most infections is easily accomplished, but severe diseases with significant morbidity and even mortality can occur if causative organisms are not recognized.…”