Thyroid Cancer Incidence Rates in North Dakota are Associated with Land and Water Use

Schwartz, Gary G.; Klug, Marilyn G.

doi:10.3390/ijerph16203805

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…In the middle of the last century, the USA conducted a large number of atmospheric nuclear tests in Nevada and New Mexico. Radioactive dust generated by nuclear tests, such as radioactive iodine, may blown to pastures in the Midwest, and polluted local water sources [ 19 ], and the ionizing radiation was the best-known exposure factor in TC. In addition, due to a large number of applications in chemical pesticides, the environmental pollution is increasing, including nitrate pollution in water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thyroid cancer incidence trend and association with obesity, physical activity in the United States

2022

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Background State-level racial/ethnic and age differences and the temporal trend of thyroid cancer (TC) incidence in the USA remain unknown. Our research purposes include: Characterizing state-level temporal variation in TC incidence; examining the disparities of TC incidence by state-level race/ethnicity and age; performing an ecological correlation between TC incidence and obesity/physical activity. Methods TC incidence data during 2000–2017 were extracted from the United States cancer statistics. Using joinpoint regression to evaluate TC incidence trends. Annual percent change (APC), average APC (AAPC) and incidence rates were calculated. The obesity prevalence and physical activity level at the state-level were extracted from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and the association between state-level AAPC of TC and obesity/physical activity was tested by Pearson correlation coefficient. Results We found that the TC incidence had shown an overall downward trend in recent years, but 10 states continued increasing. There were significant differences in state-level race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic Whites as a reference) and age group (45–59 age group as a reference) incidence: Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) was 0.4–1.2 for non-Hispanic Blacks, 0.7–1.6 for non-Hispanic Asian and Pacific Islanders, 0.4–1.2 for non-Hispanic American Indians/Alaskan Natives, and 0.5–1.3 for Hispanics. High IRR in young people were distributed in northern USA, while in older people were distributed in south. The state-level obesity/physical activity level and AAPC had a weak correlation (r = 0.34, P = 0.016) and inverse weak correlation (r = -0.29, P = 0.037), respectively. The AAPC of states with a consistent increasing trend had an extremely strong correlation with obesity prevalence (r = 0.80, p = 0.006), and an inverse strong correlation with physical activity level (r = -0.65, P = 0.04). Conclusions Thyroid cancer incidence in 10 states continued increasing. State-level variation in race/ethnicity and age group incidence were found. Lifestyle and environmental factors may interfere with the incidence trend of TC in the USA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similar report was also discovered in Wisconsin [ 33 ]. A study from North Dakota has also shown that the increased incidence of TC may also be related to urban water use [ 19 ]. We found that most of the states with a continuous increasing TC incidence were located in the Midwest regions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid cancer incidence trend and association with obesity, physical activity in the United States

2022

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“…In addition to iodine nutrition factors, the relationship between residents' annual income and thyroid cancer in some research remains controversial (40)(41)(42) . In the present study, economic level was positively correlated with thyroid cancer incidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insufficient iodine nutrition may affect the thyroid cancer incidence in China

et al. 2021

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Epidemiologic studies have focused on the effects of iodine intake on the risk of thyroid cancer. However, their relationship is still obscure. The objective of this study was to examine the association in the Chinese population. A new ecological study which combined the Annual Report of Cancer, the Survey of Iodine Deficiency Disorder Surveillance and the water iodine survey were conducted to analyze the relationship between iodine intake and the thyroid cancer incidence in China. In total, 281 counties were included. Thyroid cancer incidence was negatively correlated with the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt (CRQIS) and positively correlated with goiter prevalence (GP) of children aged 8˜10 years, residents’ annual income and coastal status. Areas with a low CRQIS and areas with a high GP had a relatively high incidence of thyroid cancer. Regression models showed that a low CRQIS and a high GP in children aged 8˜10 years (both reflecting iodine deficiency status) play a substantial role in thyroid cancer incidence in both males and females. Additionally, living in coastal areas and having a high annual income may also increase the risk of thyroid cancer. These findings suggest that mild iodine deficiency may contribute to the exceptionally high incidence of thyroid cancer in some areas in China. Maintaining appropriate iodine nutrition not only helps to eliminate IDD, but also may help to reduce the occurrence of thyroid cancer.

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“…To our knowledge, only four studies have examined the association between radon and thyroid cancer. [71][72][73][74] All studies have been ecological, and none has found an association between radon and thyroid cancer. Similarly, Ron et al reviewed five cohort studies examining environmental radiation exposure and found no association with thyroid cancer.…”

Section: Thyroid Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Residential radon exposure and cancer

Reddy¹,

Conde²,

Peterson³

et al. 2022

Oncol Rev

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Radon is an established human lung carcinogen naturally released as an odorless, colorless gas from soil and rocks. It is a major environmental source of ionizing radiation and can cause oxidative damage to DNA, increasing the risk of cancer. Although the association between radon and lung cancer is well established, the association between radon and other cancers is not. Based on reported studies, there is no consistent evidence indicating an association between radon and non-lung cancers, but limited literature, heterogenous study design, and confounding variables preclude definitive conclusions. More research is needed to evaluate the association between residential radon and non-lung cancers, particularly with regard to skin cancer, CNS cancer, and stomach cancer, in which existing literature suggests potential associations with residential radon may exist. However, the literature largely demonstrates that lung cancer is the primary concern associated with residential radon exposure and that non-lung cancers are secondary concerns. These results should be considered in residential radon mitigation efforts.

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Thyroid Cancer Incidence Rates in North Dakota are Associated with Land and Water Use

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Thyroid cancer incidence trend and association with obesity, physical activity in the United States

Thyroid cancer incidence trend and association with obesity, physical activity in the United States

Insufficient iodine nutrition may affect the thyroid cancer incidence in China

Residential radon exposure and cancer

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