Thyroid Cancer in HCV-Related Chronic Hepatitis Patients: A Case-Control Study

Antonelli, Alessandro; Ferri, Clodoveo; Fallahi, Poupak; Pampana, Alessandro; Ferrari, Silvia; Barani, Lucio; Marchi, Santino; Ferrannini, Ele

doi:10.1089/thy.2006.0194

Cited by 67 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The transformation of normal into malignant tissue is a multifactorial process involving genetic and environmental factors such as radiation exposure (2). Some environmental factors such as hepatitis C infection or late and multiple pregnancies have been suggested as risk factors, but they have not been confirmed (3,4). Moreover, genetic components-for example proto-oncogenes, which encode receptor tyrosine kinases (RET) and small GTPases (RAS)-may contribute to thyroid cancer formation in familial syndromes (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FOXE1 Association with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Its Progression

Penna-MartinezMarissa

EppFriederike

KahlesHeinrich

et al. 2014

Thyroid

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Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near thyroid transcription factor genes (FOXE1 rs965513/NKX2-1 rs944289) have been shown to be associated with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in Caucasoid populations. We investigated the role of those SNPs in German patients with DTC and also extended our analysis to tumor stages and lymphocytic infiltration of the tumors (ITL). Methods: Patients with DTC (n = 243; papillary, PTC; follicular, FTC) and healthy controls (HC; n = 270) were analyzed for the rs965513 and rs944289 SNPs. Results: The case-control analysis for rs965513 SNP showed that the genotypes ''AA,'' ''AG,'' and minor allele ''A'' were more frequent in patients with DTC than in HC (pronounced in PTC p genotype = 0.000084, p allele = 0.006 than FTC p genotype = 0.29 and p allele = 0.06). Furthermore, subgroup analysis of the DTC patients stratified for primary tumor stage (T1-T2, T3-T4), the absence or presence of regional lymph node metastases (N0, N1), for distant metastases (M0, M1), as well as for ITL, showed an association of rs965513 with stages T1-T2, T1-T3, N1, and absence of ITL. The NKX2-1 SNP rs944289, however, was not associated with DTC. Conclusion: Our results confirm that the FOXE1 rs965513 SNP confers an increased risk for DTC

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

FOXE1 Association with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer and Its Progression

Penna-MartinezMarissa

EppFriederike

KahlesHeinrich

et al. 2014

Thyroid

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“…In our studies in HCVinfected [ 22 ] and MC (MC-HCV+) [ 21 ] patients, features of AITD were seen signifi cantly more often in patients with thyroid papillary cancer than in the other HCV+ patients. These fi ndings suggest that AITD is a predisposing condition for thyroid papillary cancer.…”

Section: Thyroid Cancer Hcv Infection and MCmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…These data were subsequently confi rmed in case-control studies, which concluded that HCV infection was associated with a high risk for thyroid cancer [ 5,22 ] . However, a recent retrospective cohort study of users of US Veterans Affairs health care facilities, which included patients infected with HCV, failed to confi rm an increased risk of thyroid cancer in these patients [ 8 ] .…”

Section: Thyroid Cancer Hcv Infection and MCmentioning

confidence: 82%

Endocrine Manifestations of HCV-Positive Cryoglobulinemia

Antonelli

Ferri

Ferrari

et al. 2011

HCV Infection and Cryoglobulinemia

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is known to be responsible for both hepatic and extrahepatic diseases. Among the systemic HCV-related extrahepatic diseases (HCVEHDs), mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) has been extensively studied by clinico-epidemiological, immunological, and virological approaches [1][2][3][4] . However, recently, an increased prevalence of endocrine disorders has been observed in large series of HCV-infected patients and in those with MC. The most frequent and clinically important endocrine disorders of hepatitis C chronic infection are thyroid disorders and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Autoimmune Thyroid DisordersMany studies have examined the prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disorders (AITD) in HCV-positive (HCV+) patients. From a meta-analysis of the literature, a signifi cant association between HCV infection and AITD has been reported [ 5 ] . The frequency of high levels of anti-thyroid antibodies in HCV+ patients ranges from 8% to 48% in different studies [ 6 ] , while that of hypothyroidism ranges from 2% to 13%.Recently [ 6 ] , the prevalence of thyroid disorders was investigated in 630 consecutive HCV+ patients with chronic hepatitis. Patients with chronic hepatitis C (CH) were more likely to have hypothyroidism (13%), anti-thyroglobulin antibodies (AbTg) (17%), and antithyroperoxidase antibodies (AbTPO) (21%) compared to the control groups. Thyroid autoimmunity was also investigated in 93 MC patients [ 7 ] , matched by sex and age to 93 patients with CH without MC and 93 healthy (HCV-negative) controls. The following thyroid abnormalities were signifi cantly more frequent in MC patients than in HCV-negative controls: serum AbTPO (28% vs. 9%, p = 0.001); serum AbTPO and/ or AbTg (31% vs. 12%, p = 0.004); subclinical hypothyroidism (11% vs. 2%, p = 0.038); thyroid autoimmunity (35% vs. 16%, p = 0.006). Serum AbTPO were also signifi cantly more frequent in MC patients than in CH controls (28% vs. 14%, p = 0.035). This study therefore demonstrated an increased prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with HCV-related MC.These results are in agreement with those of a recent retrospective cohort study of users of the US Veterans Affairs health care facilities from 1997 to 2004, which included 146,394 patients infected with HCV. These patients had a signifi cantly increased risk of thyroiditis [ 8 ] .Both differences in genetic variability and environmental co-factors, such as iodine intake or infectious agents other than HCV, could play an important role in the development of AITD [ 9 ] . Female gender is a risk factor for AITD development, while major risk factors for the development of hypothyroidism are again female gender in addition to the presence of AbTPO [ 9,10 ] .HCV RNA has been detected in the thyroid of chronically infected patients [ 11,12 ] but the possible

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“…The presence of autoimmune thyroiditis in patients with HCV chronic infection, or MC+HCV, is associated with high circulating levels of T-helper (Th)1 CXCL10 chemokine, with respect to patients without thyroiditis [9,10].…”

Section: Editorialmentioning

confidence: 99%