Thwarting Unwanted Blockchain Content Insertion

Matzutt, Roman; Henze, Martin; Ziegeldorf, Jan Henrik; Hiller, Jens; Wehrle, Klaus

doi:10.1109/ic2e.2018.00070

Cited by 40 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Another application architecture trade-off is blockchain filtering: safety versus flexibility [24]. Misconduct occurs on blockchains: Bitcoin contains links to pornography on its immutable ledger [40] and INTERPOL notes that chain updates may be used to inject malware [41].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For eight papers lacking experimental data, ROBINS-I was deemed unsuitable, and a qualitative medical data assessment tool developed by the Critical Assessment Skills Programme (CASP) was used instead [18] (see Multimedia Appendix 3). ROBINS-I identified a low risk of bias in six papers [19-24] and a serious risk of bias in one paper [25]: this paper was removed. Thus, trade-offs in 14 papers are discussed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design Choices and Trade-Offs in Health Care Blockchain Implementations: Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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Background A blockchain is a list of records that uses cryptography to make stored data immutable; their use has recently been proposed for electronic medical record (EMR) systems. This paper details a systematic review of trade-offs in blockchain technologies that are relevant to EMRs. Trade-offs are defined as “a compromise between two desirable but incompatible features.” Objective This review’s primary research question was: “What are the trade-offs involved in different blockchain designs that are relevant to the creation of blockchain-based electronic medical records systems?” Methods Seven databases were systematically searched for relevant articles using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Papers published from January 1, 2017 to June 15, 2018 were selected. Quality assessments of papers were performed using the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies—of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool and the Critical Assessment Skills Programme (CASP) tool. Database searches identified 2885 articles, of which 15 were ultimately included for analysis. Results A total of 17 trade-offs were identified impacting the design, development, and implementation of blockchain systems; these trade-offs are organized into themes, including business, application, data, and technology architecture. Conclusions The key findings concluded the following: (1) multiple trade-offs can be managed adaptively to improve EMR utility; (2) multiple trade-offs involve improving the security of blockchain systems at the cost of other features, meaning EMR efficacy highly depends on data protection standards; and (3) multiple trade-offs result in improved blockchain scalability. Consideration of these trade-offs will be important to the specific environment in which electronic medical records are being developed. This review also uses its findings to suggest useful design choices for a hypothetical National Health Service blockchain. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/10994

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design Choices and Trade-Offs in Health Care Blockchain Implementations: Systematic Review

et al. 2019

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“…Also, blockchain.cpp is modified to check new transactions for steganographically hidden patterns, identify, and extract hidden messages. 3 3 More and specific details of the actual implementation in Bytecoin and Monero can be made available in the full version upon request. [29] and R3C3 [36] in terms of throughput per transaction (BW) and cost of transmitting 1MB.…”

Section: Generic Steganographic Attackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Though the absence of a central censor makes blockchains appealing in some use cases, the increasing amount of illicit content posted to the blockchains poses a serious regulatory issue [2]. Subsequently, several techniques have been discussed to either filter unwanted content before posting to the ledger [3] or remove content from the blockchain [4] [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Uncontrolled Randomness in Blockchains: Covert Bulletin Board for Illicit Activity

Alsalami

Zhang

2020

2020 IEEE/ACM 28th International Symposium on Quality of Service (IWQoS)

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Public blockchains can be abused to covertly store and disseminate potentially harmful digital content which poses a serious regulatory issue. In this work, we show the severity of the problem by demonstrating that blockchains can be exploited to surreptitiously distribute arbitrary content. More specifically, all major blockchain systems use randomized cryptographic primitives, such as digital signatures and non-interactive zeroknowledge proofs; we illustrate how the uncontrolled randomness in such primitives can be maliciously manipulated to enable covert communication and hidden persistent storage. To clarify the potential risk, we design, implement and evaluate our technique against the widely-used ECDSA signature scheme, the CryptoNote's ring signature scheme, and Monero's ring confidential transactions. Importantly, the significance of the demonstrated attacks stems from their undetectability, their adverse effect on the future of decentralized blockchains, and their serious repercussions on users' privacy and crypto funds. Finally, we present a generic framework to immunize blockchains against these attacks.

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“…However, none of the existing methods address the covertness and privacy of the inserted data, which is the main motivation of our proposal. See [6] for a recent survey on existing blockchain data insertion methods and [7] for the methods that are used to detect and thwart them.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provably Secure Covert Communication on Blockchain

Partala

2018

Cryptography

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Blockchain is a public open ledger that provides data integrity in a distributed manner. It is the underlying technology of cryptocurrencies and an increasing number of related applications, such as smart contracts. The open nature of blockchain together with strong integrity guarantees on the stored data makes it a compelling platform for covert communication. In this paper, we suggest a method of securely embedding covert messages into a blockchain. We formulate a simplified ideal blockchain model based on existing implementations and devise a protocol that enables two parties to covertly communicate through the blockchain following that model. We also formulate a rigorous definition for the security and covertness of such a protocol based on computational indistinguishability. Finally, we show that our method satisfies this definition in the random oracle model for the underlying cryptographic hash function.

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Thwarting Unwanted Blockchain Content Insertion

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Design Choices and Trade-Offs in Health Care Blockchain Implementations: Systematic Review

Design Choices and Trade-Offs in Health Care Blockchain Implementations: Systematic Review

Uncontrolled Randomness in Blockchains: Covert Bulletin Board for Illicit Activity

Provably Secure Covert Communication on Blockchain

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