“…There are multiple levels at which arterial chemoreception function could be modulated (either sensitised or made dysfunctional; Fig. 1 ) including: the carotid body glomus cells and its blood supply ( Leonard et al, 2018 ; Mkrtchian et al, 2020 ; Holmes, 2020 ), type II sustentacular cells, the petrosal ganglion neurons ( Obiefuna and Donohoe, 2020 ), their central synapses with neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of the dorsomedial medulla oblongata ( Khun, 2021 ; Moya et al, 2020 ; Rogers et al, 2020 ), central nervous reflex arc ( Netland et al, 2008 ) and motoneurons in the brainstem and spinal cord ( Fig. 1 ).…”