Three validated stripping voltammetric procedures for determination of the anti-prostate cancer drug flutamide in tablets and human serum at a mercury electrode

Abstract

Flutamide is a nonsteriodal anti-androgen drug, which is commonly used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Based on the reduction of the nitro organic moiety of the drug molecule in acetate buffer of pH 5 at the hanging mercury drop electrode, three adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric procedures were optimized for determination of flutamide in bulk, tablets, and human serum applying linear-sweep, differential-pulse, and square-wave waveforms. The achieved limits of detection of the bulk drug were 1.9 × 10–7, 8.7 × 10–8, and 9.7 × 10–9 mol L–1 by using the optimized differential-pulse, linear-sweep, and square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedures, respectively. Repeatability of the results was studied for 1 × 10–6 mol L–1 of the drug and the recoveries obtained were 98.51 ± 1.56% (LSV), 98.89 ± 0.87% (DPV), and 99.21 ± 1.03% (SWV). The proposed procedures were successfully applied to the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical formulation (Eulexin® tablets) and human serum. The detection limits of the drug in bulk, pharmaceutical formulation, and human serum achieved by means of the proposed procedures showed that the square-wave mode was more reliable for determination of the drug especially in its low concentration levels.Key words: flutamide, linear-sweep, differential-pulse, square-wave, cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry, determination, Eulexin® tablets, human serum.

Square Wave Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of the Anticancer Drugs Flutamide and Irinotecan in Biological Fluids Using Renewable Pencil Graphite Electrodes

“…Both LOD and LOQ values confirmed the sensitivity of the proposed procedure which can be hence recommended for the trace determinationo fF lu and Irino drugsi nb iological fluids. Theo btained LOD value for the anticancer drug Flu (1.55 10 À8 M) usingS WCASV at aP GE is substantially lower as compared with data reported previously at polymer film modified carbonp aste electrodes (1.81 10 À7 M) [41],ahangingm ercury drop electrode (1.90 10 À7 Ma nd 8.7 10 À8 M) [39],s pectrophotometric method (1.04 10 À6 Ma nd 4.77 10 À7 M) [32] and af low injection UV spectroscopy (4.34 10 À7 M) [33]. An improved detection limit was also achieved for the determination of the anticancer drug Irino (1.68 10 À9 M) at aP GE using the proposed procedure as compared with that obtained by HPLC( 2.41 10 À8 M) [20] and at polymethyleneb lue multiwalledc arbonn anotubesm odified glassy carbon electrode (2.14 10 À7 M) [43].I no rder to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the proposed method analysiso fF lu and Irino drugs at three levels of low,m oderate and high concentrations of the calibration curve was carried out in seven independent series at the same day (intra-day) and performed at the samel evel on seven different days (inter-day).…”

“…Thec alibration curvesf or trace concentrations of Flu and Irino drugs presentagood linearresponse in the concentration rangeb etween 3.98 10 À7 Mt o6 .36 10 À6 M and 7.94 10 À8 Mt o4 .03 10 À7 Mw ith respect to Flu and Irino,r espectively.T he variation of I p (mA) with the concentration of the investigatedd rugs is represented by the straightl ine with the equationI p = aC + bw hereaand ba re the slope and intercepto ft he straight line,r espectively.Astatistical analysis of the calibration curvei sp rovided in Table 2. Ther egressione quation associated with the calibration plots exhibited good linearity that supported the validation of the proposed procedure for determination of the investigated drugs.T he limits of detection and quantitation were calculated usingt he relation kSDa/ b [ 39] where k = 3f or LOD and 10 for LOQ,S Da is the standard deviationo ft he intercept and bi st he slope of the calibration curve (Table 2). Both LOD and LOQ values confirmed the sensitivity of the proposed procedure which can be hence recommended for the trace determinationo fF lu and Irino drugsi nb iological fluids.…”

“…In this context methods reporting the determinationo fFlu and Irino include chromatography ,s pectrophotometry [31-35],s pectrofluorimetry [36] and few electrochemical methods [37][38][39][40][41][42][43].P olarographicr eduction of Flu was performed at ad ropping mercurye lectrode usingd irect currentp olarographya nd differential pulse polarography [37,38,40].L inear sweep and square waveforms were optimized for the determination of Flu based on the reduction of its nitro aromatic moiety at the hanging mercury drop electrode [39].D etermination of Flu ins urfactant containingm edia at polymer filmm odified carbon paste electrodes usingd ifferential pulsev oltammetryw as reported [41].E lectroanalytical determination of Irino was achieved using fast Fourier transform continuous cyclic voltammetry at gold microelectrodes in aflow system [42].V oltammetric determination of Irino at polymethylene blue multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbone lectrode was reported as well [43].T ot he best of our knowledge,t he controlled adsorptive accumulationo fF lu or Irino on the surface of pencil graphite electrodes (PGE) for square wave cathodic adsorptive stripping determinationw as not reported yet. In view of the biological importance of Flu and Irino, this work aims on the development of as imple and sensiAbstract:Asensitive electrochemical method based on square wave cathodic adsorptive strippingv oltammetry (SWCASV) using pencil graphite electrodes( PGE)w as developed for the individual and simultaneous determination of the anticancer drugs flutamide( Flu)a nd irinotecan (Irino) in biological fluids.C alibration curves showed an excellent linear response with limitso fd etection of 1.68 10 À9 and 1.55 10 À8 MI rino and Flu,r espectively.…”

Complexation and oxidation of Flutamide with Fe 3+ and 1,10-phenanthroline: Few analytical applications

“…Several methods have been reported for the assay and the determination of FLD in pure form, in biological and pharmaceutical preparation methods, including spectrophotometric (Nagaraja et al, 2002;Reddy et al, 2003;Rangappa et al, 2000;Hemavathi et al, 2012), spectrofluorometric (Smith et al, 2008), Voltammetric (Reddy et al, 2011;Hammam et al, 2004) and HPLC (Filip et al, 2007;Niopas and Daftsios, 2001;Smith et al, 2009;Salgado et al, 2005).…”

Automated determination of flutamide by a validated flow-injection method: Application to dissolution studies of pharmaceutical tablets

“…Methods reporting the determination of flutamide in pharmaceutical formulations include batch spectrophotometry [4][5][6][7][8][9][10], HPLC [11][12][13] and electroanalysis [13][14][15]. Batch spectrophotometric methods are generally simple and cost-effective, but time-consuming as well.…”