Three-phase modelling of electrochemical chloride removal from corroded steel-reinforced concrete

A numerical study on chloride migration in cracked concrete using multi-component ionic transport models

“…In most of numerical models considering multi-species transport in concrete [27,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41], the electrostatic potential is often determined by using the assumption of electro-neutrality condition. This implies that the spatial electrostatic potential is purely caused by the externally applied electric field and the charge balance of species occurs everywhere in the solution domain.…”

“…Their study also showed that the chloride binding by the Above numerical studies considered a diffusion problem and employed the Fick's second law to govern the chloride penetration in cracked concrete. In view of the long duration of diffusion tests and the need of electrochemical rehabilitation, the action of externally applied electric field is prevalently involved in a bunch of numerical models of chloride transport in concrete [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41]. These models extended the ionic diffusion to a more complicated migration dominated process, which follows the applications of the rapid chloride migration (RCM) test [42][43][44] and the electrochemical chloride removal/extraction (ECR/ECE) treatment [45].…”

Chloride Electroremediation in reinforced structures: preliminary electrochemical tests to detect the steel repassivation during the treatment

“…Different authors have tried to model the treatment and the whole process [8,10,18,19,21,39,[41][42][43][44], but it has not been still possible to find accurate model. Literature data from research and applications indicate that about 50% of the total chloride content can be removed [17,45].…”

Aggregate Shape Effect on Multicomponent Ionic Electromigration in Concrete

“…In most of numerical models considering multispecies transport in concrete (Frizon et al, 2003;Jensen et al, 2014;Li & Page, 1998;Liu & Shi, 2012;Liu et al, 2014;Narsillo et al, 2007;Toumi et al, 2007;Truc et al, 2000;Wang et al, 2001;Šavija et al, 2014), the electrostatic potential is often determined by using the assumption of electroneutrality condition. This implies that the spatial electrostatic potential is purely caused by the externally applied electric field and the charge balance of species occurs everywhere in the solution domain.…”

“…In view of the long duration of diffusion tests and the need of electrochemical rehabilitation, the action of externally applied electric field is prevalently involved in a bunch of numerical models of chloride transport in concrete (Feng, Li, Kim, & Liu, 2016;Frizon, Lorente, Ollivier, & Thouvenot, 2003;Jensen, Johannesson, & Geiker, 2014;Johannesson, Yamada, Nilsson, & Hosokawa, 2007;Krabbenhoft & Krabbenhoft, 2008;Li, Easterbrook, Xia, & Jin, 2015;Li & Page, 1998;Liu, Li, Easterbrook, & Yang, 2012;Liu & Shi, 2012;Liu, Xia, Easterbrook, Yang, & Li, 2014;Narsillo, Li, Pivonka, & Smith, 2007;Samson & Marchand, 2007;Toumi, Francois, & Alvarado, 2007;Truc, Ollivier, & Nilsson, 2000;Wang, Li, & Page, 2001;Xia & Li, 2013;Šavija, Luković, & Schlangen, 2014). These models extended the ionic diffusion to a more complicated migration dominated process, which follows the applications of the rapid chloride permeability/migration (RCP/RCM) test (Whiting, 1981;AASHTO T 277, 1983;ASTM C 1202ASTM C , 1994Tang & Nilsson, 1993a;NT-Build 492, 1999;AASHTO TP 64-03, 2003) and the electrochemical chloride removal/extraction (ECR/ECE) treatment (Lankard, Slatter, Holden, & Niest, 1975).…”