Three-Dimensional Tungsten Disulfide Raman Biosensor for Dopamine Detection

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are promising materials for detection of biomolecules due to their large surface-to-volume ratio. However, their poor response to the cellular environment hinders the realization of high-performance 2D TMDC sensors. Here, we present a hierarchical Raman scattering sensor consisting of the WS2 directly grown on an array of three-dimensional (3D) WO3 nanohelixes (NHs) by sulfurization. Both the adsorption of biomolecules and the proliferation of cells are significantly promoted for the 3D WS2/WO3 NH sensor compared to the control sensor with sulfurized WS2 on 2D WO3 film, leading to much enhanced sensitivity to dopamine. In addition, according to the in vitro test using PC12 cells, the 3D WS2/WO3 NH sensor shows a significant increase in hydrophobicity and Raman frequency shift, indicating that both the attachment of cells and the detection of biomolecules are improved.

Tungsten Disulfide Nanosheet-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for DNA Hybridization Detection

“…Additionally, as DNA is one of the most important genetic materials, DNA detection plays a significant role in many fields, especially in the early diagnosis of diseases . To date, two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) and tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) have attracted tremendous attention in biosensor design due to their sufficient stability with competitive electronic properties (carrier mobility and high on/off ratio) and layer-dependent semiconducting properties . WS 2 is three atoms thick, and its hexagonal layer is composed of metal atoms (W) sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms.…”

“…4 To date, two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenide (TMD) materials such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) and tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) have attracted tremendous attention in biosensor design 5 due to their sufficient stability with competitive electronic properties (carrier mobility and high on/off ratio) and layer-dependent semiconducting properties. 6 WS 2 is three atoms thick, and its hexagonal layer is composed of metal atoms (W) sandwiched between two layers of chalcogen atoms. WS 2 nanosheets can be synthesized on a large scale using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 7 and exhibit the advantage of being directly dispersed in aqueous solutions, which uplifts them to be implied as a novel nanomaterial for biomedical applications.…”

PC-12 Cell Line as a Neuronal Cell Model for Biosensing Applications

“…The main focus was to achieve low detection limits, due to the fact that concentration of DA is extremely low in patients with neurological diseases [ 39 ]. In this context, PC-12 cell lines play an important role in the detection of DA in vivo, with several optical [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], electrochemical biosensing systems, fixed potential amperometry [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ] and voltametric ones [ 52 , 53 , 54 ], and electrical devices [ 55 , 56 ] being investigated, with great potential for diagnostic purposes being demonstrated.…”

“…Another optical biosensor based on three-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS 2 ) was reported using Raman spectroscopy detection. The sensor uses 2D WS 2 directly grown on a 3D WO 3 NH by sulfurization, with advantages over the 2D support array of WO 3 NH on the adsorption of biomolecules and cells proliferation which enhances sensor sensitivity to DA [ 42 ].…”

“…Another optical biosensor based on three-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2) was reported using Raman spectroscopy detection. The sensor uses 2D WS2 directly grown on a 3D WO3NH by sulfurization, with advantages over the 2D support array of WO3NH on the adsorption of biomolecules and cells proliferation which enhances sensor sensitivity to DA [42]. Combining the lithography and electrochemistry method, a metal-free graphene based hybrid microelectrode array for sensitive and in-situ amperometric sensing of H2O2 was fabricated and a detection limit of 0.18 μM, in PC-12 cell culture, was achieved [67].…”