Three Dimensional Time Domain Modelling of Lightning

Electric and Magnetic Fields Predicted by Different Electromagnetic Models of the Lightning Return Stroke Versus Measured Fields

“…1) a perfectly conducting/resistive wire in air above ground [11]; 2) a wire loaded by additional distributed series inductance in air above ground [12];…”

Overview of Recent Progress in Lightning Research and Lightning Protection

“…At the time of publication of the First Special Issue on Lightning, there was only one peer-reviewed journal paper concerned with electromagnetic modeling of lightning [52]. As of today, there are more than a dozen of journal papers (and a very large number of conference papers) on this subject.…”

“…It is worth noting that the MoMs is also extensively applied to obtain electromagnetic fields radiated by a lightning discharge, within the so-called antenna theory (AT) models, which belong to the class of electromagnetic models and in which the return-stroke channel is represented using thin wires [52], [77], [102]- [107]. Most of the MoM solutions are implemented in the frequency domain, which allows taking into account the presence of a lossy ground in a straightforward way.…”

Electromagnetic compatibility issues of wind turbine analysis and design

“…Within the framework of engineering models, the presence of a tall object has been considered by the use of a uniform, lossless transmission line representation [12,13]. The AT models [14][15][16][17][18][19] have been mostly applied in the analysis of lightning strikes to CN tower in Toronto, e.g. [18] or similar towers, e.g.…”

“…The formulation can be posed in either the time [14,19] or the frequency domain [15][16][17][18], respectively. It is worth noting that a Numerical Electromagnetic Code is commonly used for current distribution calculation assuming the ground to be perfectly conducting (PEC) [14].…”