Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry in the Evaluation of Craniosynostosis: Current and Potential Use Cases

Abdel-Alim, Tareq; Iping, Rik; Wolvius, Eppo B.; Mathijssen, Irene M.J.; Dirven, Clemens M.F.; Niessen, Wiro J.; Veelen, Marie-Lise C. van; Roshchupkin, Gennady V.

doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000007379

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…The mean mesh volume was 2104.3 cm 3 . This is the volume above the nasion-tragus plane, which is a commonly extracted volume before correction based on CT correlations to approximate the volume of the cranial cavity as outlined by the cerebral contours 16 . Mean values and SDs of the 3 extracted head measurements from this subset are also presented in Supplemental Table (Supplemental Digital Content, Table 1, http://links.lww.com/SCS/F115).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurate 3D models of the patients’ surface can be reconstructed from CT scans or acquired using 3D photogrammetry. The latter has shown to be an accurate and reliable alternative when no information about intracranial structures is required 14–16 . Three-dimensional photogrammetry uses optical sensors, making it radiation and sedation-free and less stressful for children compared with manual measurements, while it allows quantitative shape analysis that extends beyond conventional anthropometric measurements 8,17 …”

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confidence: 99%

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Reliability and Agreement of Automated Head Measurements From 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry in Young Children

Abdel-Alim

Tio

Kurniawan

et al. 2023

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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This study aimed to assess the reliability and agreement of automated head measurements using 3-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry in young children. Specifically, the study evaluated the agreement between manual and automated occipitofrontal circumference (OFC) measurements (n = 264) obtained from 3D images of 188 patients diagnosed with sagittal synostosis using a novel automated method proposed in this study. In addition, the study aimed to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability of the automatically extracted OFC, cephalic index, and volume. The results of the study showed that the automated OFC measurements had an excellent agreement with manual measurements, with a very strong regression score (R 2 = 0.969) and a small mean difference of −0.1 cm (−0.2%). The limits of agreement ranged from −0.93 to 0.74 cm, falling within the reported limits of agreement for manual OFC measurements. High interrater and intrarater reliability of OFC, cephalic index, and volume measurements were also demonstrated. The proposed method for automated OFC measurements was found to be a reliable alternative to manual measurements, which may be particularly beneficial in young children who undergo 3D imaging in craniofacial centers as part of their treatment protocol and in research settings that require a reproducible and transparent pipeline for anthropometric measurements. The method has been incorporated into CraniumPy, an open-source tool for 3D image visualization, registration, and optimization, which is publicly available on GitHub (https://github.com/T-AbdelAlim/CraniumPy).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reliability and Agreement of Automated Head Measurements From 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry in Young Children

Abdel-Alim

Tio

Kurniawan

et al. 2023

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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“…First, unlike HC and CI, TCV acquired from 3D stereophotogrammetry are measured in reference to a cranial or facial landmark, either manually or automatically generated, that is standardized over repeat measurements during the follow-up period, eliminating potential sources of error associated with 2D anthropometrics. 23 For instance, manual 2D caliper measurements of HC and CI have been shown to underestimate the anterior-posterior and biparietal distances compared with the same calculations derived from CT and 3D stereophotogrammetry. 24 Some techniques also allow for TCV measurements without the need for a reference landmark, further increasing the practical utility of 3D stereophotogrammetry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Metrics for Evaluation of Postoperative Outcomes Following Endoscopic Suturectomy for Sagittal Craniosynostosis

Medina

Imahiyerobo

Odigie

et al. 2023

Journal of Craniofacial Surgery

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To assess whether 3-dimensional (3D) volumetrics can be used to track and evaluate postoperative course of patients treated with endoscopic suturectomy for nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis, we compared changes in 2-dimensional (2D) measurements along with 3D volumetric correlates throughout the period of helmet therapy. Forty-six patients treated at our institution with endoscopic suturectomy for sagittal synostosis were retrospectively reviewed. Head circumference (HC), cephalic index (CI), and total cranial volumes (TCVs) were measured at 3 timepoints following surgery using optical surface scans obtained for helmet orthotics. All measurements showed significant differences between timepoints on the analysis of variance (P<0.001). There was a significant correlation between CI and TCV (r=0.35, P=0.004) and between HC and TCV (r=0.81, P<0.001). The normalized rate of change over the course of treatment was significantly higher for TCV (36.7%) than for CI (8.8%) and HC (8.4%, P<0.001), with no difference between HC and CI. The authors conclude that 3D metrics were able to reliably follow the course of postoperative 2D metrics. There was a direct and linear correlation between HC and CI with TCV. Total cranial volumes showed the highest rate of sustained change at every timepoint. Although CI and HC plateau after the first measurement, TCV continues to adapt over the course of treatment. These results demonstrate the feasibility and value of volumetrics from 3D imaging to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of postoperative surgical outcomes than traditional 2D metrics without the ionizing radiation traditionally utilized for CT to obtain 3D metrics.

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“…We justified the combined use of CT scans and 3D photographs as equivalency has been demonstrated in previous shape and volumetric studies. 7,[16][17][18]22,23 Images were selected for each sex within each age group (Table 1). Images were selected from populations without known craniopathology, specifically excluding craniosynostosis, plagiocephaly, congenital skull deformities, bulging fontanelle, premature fontanelle closure, hydrocephalus, macrocephaly, microcephaly, and head trauma leading to soft tissue injury or extensive soft tissue wrinkling or compression.…”

Section: Scan Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measure of Frontal Morphology in Sagittal Craniosynostosis: The Frontal Bossing Index

Bins

Cull

Layton

et al. 2022

FACE

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Background: Frontal bossing is a prominent forehead feature common in sagittal craniosynostosis (SC). Assessment of severity of frontal bossing is limited by the use of serial CT imaging or complex computer programing. Three-dimensional measurements of cranial surface morphology provide a radiation-free alternative for assessing cranial shape. This study describes the creation of a frontal bossing index (FBI), a novel tool using surface morphology to assess the frontal severity in patients with SC. Methods: Surface imaging from CT scans or 3D photographs of 359 individuals with sagittal craniosynostosis and 224 normocephalic individuals were compared to identify differences in frontal morphology. Cartesian grids were created on each individual’s surface mesh using equidistant axial and sagittal planes yielding 33 unique points of intersection on the forehead. Area under the curve (AUC) analyses were performed to identify frontal points with the greatest discrepancy between groups. Results: All points in the SC population had significantly greater protrusion than corresponding points in the control group. The largest differences were located in the superior lateral regions. Combining the superior- and lateral-most points gave the maximal AUC (0.9707) and was therefore selected to generate the frontal bossing index (FBI). The FBI distinguished between the 2 groups with a sensitivity of 93.5% and specificity of 92.9%. Conclusions: The frontal bossing index is a useful tool for evaluating the severity of the frontal region in patients with SC, comparing outcomes of differing surgical techniques, and tracking frontal changes in individuals over time, without the need for radiation.

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Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry in the Evaluation of Craniosynostosis: Current and Potential Use Cases

Cited by 19 publications

References 52 publications

Reliability and Agreement of Automated Head Measurements From 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry in Young Children

Reliability and Agreement of Automated Head Measurements From 3-Dimensional Photogrammetry in Young Children

Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Metrics for Evaluation of Postoperative Outcomes Following Endoscopic Suturectomy for Sagittal Craniosynostosis

Measure of Frontal Morphology in Sagittal Craniosynostosis: The Frontal Bossing Index

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