Three-dimensional Sn rich Cu6Sn5 negative electrodes for Li ion batteries

Sn(TFSI)2as a suitable salt for the electrodeposition of nanostructured Cu6Sn5–Sn composites obtained on a Cu electrode in an ionic liquid

“…The multi-step lithiation delithiation processes on Sn electrode 3,29,44 as on Sn based alloy electrode 29,[45][46][47][48] are already well documented, and it has already been concluded that CV profiles and peak potentials are in both cases characteristic of electrodes containing metallic tin. Especially the plateau of potential attributed to the lithiation of Cu6Sn5 arise in the same domain of potential where intermetallic tin-lithium phases prevails.…”

Uniform core–shell Cu6Sn5@C nanospheres with controllable synthesis and excellent lithium storage performances

“…To the best of our knowledge, both the reversible capacity of 518 mA h g À1 and the initial coulombic efficiency of 89.2% are the highest value in pure Cu 6 Sn 5 and Cu 6 Sn 5 /C materials. Note that, with the help of high-capacity materials such as Sn 53 and SnO 2 , 54 the counterpart performance can be further enhanced. The impressive performance can be ascribed to the reduced Li + ion diffusion pathways in the nanoscale material and the enhanced conductivity imparted by the carbon shell.…”

Traditional Electrodeposition Preparation of Nonstoichiometric Tin-Based Anodes with Superior Lithium-Ion Storage

“…Owing to the characteristics of being cost-effective and easy to scale-up, electrodeposition has been extensively researched for application in LIBs. 6,16,32−37 Compared with other conventional electrodes, superior advantages were shown by the electrodeposited anode electrode. First, electrodeposition is mature and easy to industrialize, as the thickness and composition of the deposit layer can be accurately controlled by adjusting the electroplating parameters and electrolyte state.…”

“…Compared with the conversion-type anode (such as Fe 2 O 3 ), a higher energy density can be obtained when paired with a cathode. Therefore, Sn is regarded as one of the most promising high-capacity and high-rate anode materials for next-generation LIBs. − Unfortunately, Sn anode materials usually suffer from a massive volume expansion of 260% during their alloy reactions, which not only led to the crack, breakage, and even pulverization of the electrode and loss of active material, but also make the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) crack and form continuously, reduce the coulombic efficiency, increase the resistance of ionic transport, and finally led to capacity fading of the electrode. − …”

“…Highly electronic conductive Sn–Cu alloy, consisting of active Sn and inactive Cu, can not only enhance the reaction kinetics of Sn nanoparticles and provide high reversible capacity and rate performance but also buffer the volume expansion, avoid the agglomeration of Sn nanoparticles, and improve the cycling stability, which may be a promising anode material for LIBs. Owing to the characteristics of being cost-effective and easy to scale-up, electrodeposition has been extensively researched for application in LIBs. ,,− Compared with other conventional electrodes, superior advantages were shown by the electrodeposited anode electrode. First, electrodeposition is mature and easy to industrialize, as the thickness and composition of the deposit layer can be accurately controlled by adjusting the electroplating parameters and electrolyte state.…”