Three Dimensional Printing and Biomaterials in the Repairment of Bone Defects; Hydroxyapatite PLA Filaments

Abstract

Introduction Application fields of bone tissue engineering studies continue to enlarge. New biocompatible materials aimed to improve bone repairment and regeneration of implants are being discovered everyday by scientists, engineers, and surgeons. Biocompatible, safe, and efficient biomaterials with a gradually increasing importance and field of application today are materials used to fulfill and support the functions of organs and living tissues in human body [1]. Hydroxyapatite, collagen, hyaluronic acid, poly fumarates, poly caprolactone, polylactic acid (PLA), polyglycolic acid (PGA), and PLA and PGA copolymers are some of the biomaterials used in medical field. Characteristics of these materials such as durability and compatibility were increased by combinations. In addition Background/aim: Application fields of bone tissue engineering studies continue to expand. New biocompatible materials aimed to improve bone repairment and regeneration of implants are being discovered everyday by scientists, engineers, and surgeons. Our objective in this study is to combine polylactic acid which is a polymer with hydroxyapatite in the repairment of bone defects considering the increased need by medical application fields. Materials and methods: After 750 g of PLA with a diameter of 2.85 mm was granulated into minimum particles, these particles were homogenously mixed with hydroxyapatite prepared in laboratory environment. Using this mixture, HA-PLA filament with a diameter of 2.85 mm was prepared in the extrusion device in Kütahya Medical Sciences University Innovative Technology Laboratory. The temperature was 250 °C and the gearmotor speed was 9 rpm during extrusion. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was made for crystal phase analyses of the produced hydroxyapatite powder, to determine the produced main phase and examine whether a minor phase occurred. Vickers microhardness test was applied on both samples to measure the endurance levels of the samples prepared with HA-PLA filament. A loading force of 10 kg was applied on the samples for 10 s. Results: Hydroxyapatite peaks in XRD spectrum of the sample presented in figures are concordant with Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards, JCPDS-File Card No. 01-075-9526 and no significant minor phase was observed. For both samples, hardness value was observed to increase between 3 and 5 mm. Conclusion: Surfacing hydroxyapatite on metallic materials is possible. By similar logic, to increase durability with low cost, characteristics of biomaterials can be improved with combinations such as hydroxyapatite PLA. Thus, we found that while these materials have usage limitations due to present disadvantages when used alone, it is possible to increase their efficiency and availability through different combinations.

Elaboration and Biocompatibility of an Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite Material Modified with Si/PLGA for Bone Regeneration in Dentistry

“…Figure 3(c) presents the spectrum corresponding to Ca(OH) 2 , KH 2 PO 4 , and TEOS (HAp/Si) after sintering. The bands at 1043 cm −1 and 1036 cm −1 show the symmetric stretching of P-O [23, 24, 26], confirming the assignment of the band at 957 cm −1 [24, 25, 29]. The band at 573 cm −1 is assigned as an O-P-O bond vibration [24, 28].…”

“…Figure 3(a) shows the reference spectrum of hydroxyapatite obtained from the bovine bone, where the bands observed at 1035 cm −1 , 1046 cm −1 , and 1071 cm −1 correspond to the symmetric stretching of P-O [23, 24], as confirmed by the assignment of the band at 956 cm −1 [22, 28, 29]. The bands at 580 cm −1 , 589 cm −1 , and 607 cm −1 are assigned to the O-P-O bond vibrations [22, 28, 29].…”

“…Figure 3(b) presents the spectrum that shows the reaction between Ca(OH) 2 and KH 2 PO 4 (HAp) due to sintering, as evidenced by the band at 1037 cm −1 , which corresponds to the symmetric stretching of P-O [23, 24, 26] and is confirmed by the assignment of the band at 953 cm −1 [24, 25, 29]. At 630 cm −1 , the band corresponding to the release of hydroxide (OH 1− ) is observed [23], which does not appear in the reference spectrum, and at 573 cm −1 and 409 cm −1 , bands corresponding to the O-P-O bond vibrations are assigned [24, 28].…”

Novel Synthesis of Core-Shell Biomaterials from Polymeric Filaments with a Bioceramic Coating for Biomedical Applications

“…By combining the knowledge and needs of scientists, engineers, and surgeons, the field of biomaterials is constantly expanding. Thus, daily, new biocompatible materials are developed with the sole purpose of ensuring the tissues and organs proper functioning in the human body in a safe and efficient way [1]. In the case of bone tissue defects generated by traumas or diseases, the reconstruction of its structural integrity is a long-studied problem and of current interest to the specialists [2][3][4][5].…”

“…In this light, the already reported reconstruction methods involving metallic structures, polymeric biomaterials [6,7] (such as polylactic acid (PLA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polyglycolic acid (PGA), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [1,8,9]), and ceramics (mostly hydroxyapatite) [1,[10][11][12][13] are of crucial…”