Three-Dimensional Movement Trajectories in Fitts' Task: Implications for Control

MacKenzie, Christine L.; Marteniuk, Ronald G.; Dugas, Claude; Liske, D.; Eickmeier, B.

doi:10.1080/14640748708401806

Cited by 260 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An effect of size was also expected, given the differences found for pointing movements to small and large targets (Gentilucci et al, 1991;Mackenzie,Marteniuk,Dugas, Liske, & Eickmeier, 1987;Marteniuk et al, 1990). However, although there is a trend in this direction, no significant differences were found for any of the dependent measures for the main factor of size and the interactionbetween type of distractor and distractor size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The effects of abrupt onset of 2-D and 3-D distractors on prehension movements

Castiello

2001

Perception & Psychophysics

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This article includes two experiments aimed at investigating how two-dimensional (2-D) and threedimensional (3-D) distractors affect the kinematics of prehension and aiming movements in order to understand the attentional processes involved in visuomotor control. In Experiment 1, subjects grasped large targets in the presence of both large and small 3-D distractors and their corresponding 2-D photographs. The distractors appeared for either 10 sec or appeared simultaneously with the target presentation. It was found that reach and grasp kinematics were influenced primarily by the small, suddenly appearing 3-D distractors. In Experiment 2, the purpose was to examine the conclusion that competition between objects (target and distractor) is related to the behavioral goal of the task. Experiment 2 is a replication of Experiment 1, with the exception that pointing movements were made instead of grasping movements. Results show that both 3-D and 2-D distractors interfered with pointing kinematics, supporting the hypothesis that attentional mechanisms are related to the goal of the task.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

The effects of abrupt onset of 2-D and 3-D distractors on prehension movements

Castiello

2001

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…For example, a striking observation is about the shape of the velocity profile. The peak velocity occurred early in the trajectory during the upswing phase, as observed for movements toward spatial goals (Boyle et al 2012;MacKenzie et al 1987). Conversely, we observed peak velocities late in the trajectory during the downswing phase, as previously shown for movements aimed toward temporal goals (Craig et al 2005;Rieger 2007;Walter and Rieger 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Balancing out dwelling and moving: optimal sensorimotor synchronization

Cos

Girard

Guigon

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Cos I, Girard B, Guigon E. Balancing out dwelling and moving: optimal sensorimotor synchronization. J Neurophysiol 114: 146 -158, 2015. First published April 15, 2015 doi:10.1152/jn.00175.2015.-Sensorimotor synchronization is a fundamental skill involved in the performance of many artistic activities (e.g., music, dance). After a century of research, the manner in which the nervous system produces synchronized movements remains poorly understood. Typical rhythmic movements involve a motion and a motionless phase (dwell). The dwell phase represents a sizable fraction of the rhythm period, and scales with it. The rationale for this organization remains unexplained and is the object of this study. Twelve participants, four drummers (D) and eight nondrummers (ND), performed tapping movements paced at 0.5-2.5 Hz by a metronome. The participants organized their tapping behavior into dwell and movement phases according to two strategies: 1) Eight participants (1 D, 7 ND) maintained an almost constant ratio of movement time (MT) and dwell time (DT) irrespective of the metronome period. 2) Four participants increased the proportion of DT as the period increased. The temporal variabilities of both the dwell and movement phases were consistent with Weber's law, i.e., their variability increased with their durations, and the longest phase always exhibited the smallest variability. We developed an optimal statistical model that formalized the distribution of time into dwell and movement intervals as a function of their temporal variability. The model accurately predicted the participants' dwell and movement durations irrespective of their strategy and musical skill, strongly suggesting that the distribution of DT and MT results from an optimization process, dependent on each participant's skill to predict time during rest and movement. motor control; optimality; psychophysics; rhythmic movements; synchronization MANY BEHAVIORS such as singing or playing music require internal estimates of elapsed time from a past event or of remaining time to a future event (e.g., the beats of a metronome) to timely generate our actions (e.g., to tap on beat). This ability to produce movements synchronously with temporal events, called sensorimotor synchronization (Repp and Su 2013), either can occur spontaneously as during a synchronous applause at a concert hall or may result from long practice as in musical ensemble performance.Sensorimotor synchronization faces two constraints. First, processes involved in time production and perception tasks are governed by a form of Weber's law (Ivry and Hazeltine 1995;Merchant et al. 2008;Wing and Kristofferson 1973), i.e., variability increases with the duration of temporal intervals. Second, movements take time to be prepared and executed and are variable in space and time (Hancock and Newell 1985). How the brain actually predicts time between external events and produces synchronized motor behaviors remains poorly understood.Current theories of sensorimotor synchronization focus either on the prod...

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“…Mackenzie et al (1987) demonstrated that this effect was systematic for three-dimensional pointing movements, suggesting that movement amplitude (A) and target size (W) gave rise to separable features of the movement trajectory. The effect of increasing A (moving over greater distances) was to increase the overall size of the velocity profile, in terms of peak speed and time.…”

Section: Movement H N~l I T U D E and Target Width Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pointing on a computer display

Graham¹,

MacKenzie²

1995

Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI '95

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Four experiments were performed to study planning and control of pointing movements in human-computer interaction (HCI). We examined how theories and models derived from motor controI research on natural movements apply to HCI, in order to understand why mediated pointing is difficult, and to suggest strategies for improvinginterfaces. An OPTOTRAK sensor and computer system mapped 3-D hand movements to a 2-D display with less than 25 ms lag. Subjects viewed targets on a graphics display and showed evidence for fast corrective processes when target position was perturbed at movement c set, even when gaze was directed away from the target location for the hand. Experiment 4 revealed that even when gain is perturbed during a pointing movement, adaptation is achieved through adjusting kinematic parameters of the same underlying plan.Results indicate that modelling and analysis of performance in mediated pointing must be based on hand actions required for a task, regardless of the size of the display.Pointing performance will be improved by reducing the scale of hand movements; thus future effort should be focused on improving the sensing resolution of input devices for manual interaction. Emerging from this research is a refined two-part model for predicting movement time, providing a more detailed view than Fitts' law. In addition, the model's ... lll parameter space predicts performance changes when hand movements are scaled, and characterises tasks and devices in terms of difficulties in the two movement phases. The experiments provide a model of performance when pointing with an unencumbered hand, a benchmark against which pointing devices can be compared. The measurement and analysis techniques, and the identification of separable direction, amplitude, and width effects may prove useful for predicting target location while a movement is ongoing, and can be applied to the design of an intelligent interface, employing precomputation to respond to object selection.

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Three-Dimensional Movement Trajectories in Fitts' Task: Implications for Control

Cited by 260 publications

References 16 publications

The effects of abrupt onset of 2-D and 3-D distractors on prehension movements

The effects of abrupt onset of 2-D and 3-D distractors on prehension movements

Balancing out dwelling and moving: optimal sensorimotor synchronization

Pointing on a computer display

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