Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Assessment of Left Atrial Size and Function and the Normal Range of Asynchrony in Healthy Individuals

Right Atrial Evaluation in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension

“…As described in previous reports, this RA time-volume curve was used to determine the maximum RA volume at end systole, just before tricuspid valve opening, minimum RA volume at end diastole, just before tricuspid valve closure, and RA volume before atrial contraction at the initiation of the P wave on the electrocardiogram (Figure 2). 11,22,[28][29][30] The RA volume indices were indexed to the body surface area to ensure a comparable evaluation. The RA function parameters were calculated by the following 3 formulas 8,28,31 : (1) total atrial systolic filling volume = maximum RA volume -minimum RA volume, which is considered an index of reservoir function; (2) total atrial emptying fraction = total atrial systolic filling volume/maximum RA volume × 100, which is considered an index of total RA function; (3) passive atrial emptying fraction = (maximum RA volume -RA volume before atrial contraction)/maximum RA volume × 100, which is considered an index of the RA conduit function; and (4) active atrial emptying fraction = (RA volume before atrial contraction -minimum RA volume)/RA volume before atrial contraction × 100, which is considered an index of RA booster pump function.…”

Left Atrial Asynchrony and Mechanical Function in Patients with Mitral Stenosis before and Immediately after Percutaneous Balloon Mitral Valvuloplasty: A Real Time Three‐Dimensional Echocardiography Study

“…The LA synchronicity parameters were calculated for the series of curves as previously described (Fig. B) . These included the standard deviations (SDs) of the 16‐, 12‐, and 6‐segment data intervals (Tmsv 16‐SD, Tmsv 12‐SD, and Tmsv 6‐SD), and the maximal differences in the Tmsv for all 16‐,12‐, and 6‐segment intervals (Tmsv 16‐Dif, Tmsv 12‐Dif, and Tmsv 6‐Dif).…”

“…The LA volume and function parameters were calculated using previously published equations. [13][14][15][16] LA volumes were described as follows: (1) LA maximum volume (LAV max ) at end systole when LA volume was maximal just before mitral valve opening, (2) LA minimum volume (LAV min ) at end diastole when the LA volume was the smallest just before mitral valve closure, (3) LA volume before atrial contraction (LAV preA ) as the last frame before mitral valve reopening or at the initiation of the P-wave on ECG, (4) total atrial stroke volume (TASV) as LAV max À LAV min , (5) passive atrial stroke volume (PASV) as LAV max À LAV preA , and (6) active atrial stroke volume (AASV) as LAV preA À LAV min . The LA volumes were normalized to BSA to make the measurements comparable.…”

“…1B). 13,14 These included the standard deviations (SDs) of the 16-, 12-, and 6-segment data intervals (Tmsv 16-SD, Tmsv 12-SD, and Tmsv 6-SD), and the maximal differences in the Tmsv for all 16-,12-, and 6-segment intervals (Tmsv 16-Dif, Tmsv 12-Dif, and Tmsv 6-Dif). To allow for comparisons to be made between data obtained from patients with different heart Figure 1.…”