Normal ranges of left atrial volumes and ejection fraction by 3D echocardiography in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Left atrial strain predicts risk and prognosis in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A retrospective study with external validation

“…Third, the LA volume was calculated using the two-dimensional method. Due to the complex geometry of the LA, studies have shown that its measurement by a three-dimensional method is the most accurate [ 49 ]. Fourth, we did not follow up with an ultrasound after treatment.…”

Atrial arrhythmias and heart failure: A “modern view” of an old paradox

“…Regarding the diagnosis and determination of the prognostic factors of AF and HFpEF, third level imaging (of which cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the main representative), it is particularly increasing in recent years. CMR has always been considered the gold standard for the study of both atrial and ventricular chambers in determining volumes, despite the development of more advanced echocardiographic techniques such as 3D echocardiography 57 . Since its use began in 1980, this technique has undergone many improvements in hardware (e.g., coils and higher static field strength) and software (pulse sequence) and, with the development of gadolinium‐based imaging, it has been possible to differentiate between normal and diseased myocardium based on the difference in contrast wash‐in and wash‐out times 58 .…”

“…CMR has always been considered the gold standard for the study of both atrial and ventricular chambers in determining volumes, despite the development of more advanced echocardiographic techniques such as 3D echocardiography. 57 Since its use began in 1980, this technique has undergone many improvements in hardware (e.g., coils and higher static field strength) and software (pulse sequence) and, with the development of gadolinium-based imaging, it has been possible to differentiate between normal and diseased myocardium based on the difference in contrast wash-in and wash-out times. 58 The CMR study of the left atrium made it possible to identify and develop different radiological parameters that represent predictive diagnostic and prognostic factors for AF and HFpEF.…”

Expert proposal to characterize cardiac diseases with normal or preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and symptoms of heart failure by comprehensive echocardiography

“…Increased LA volume predicts increased LV filling pressure Yes To document chronic diseases due to impaired LV filling LAVI min —minimum LA volume indexed to BSA (ml/m 2 ) ♂ 8–18 Cut off < 18 ♀ 18–18 Cut off < 18 [ 6 ] Avoid foreshortening, prefer triplane analysis or 3D volumetry. Increased LAVI min predicts impaired active LA contractility Yes—under certain conditions To document impact on active LA contraction on global LA function Total LA emptying fraction (LAEF) (%) 51–61 Cut off > 38 [ 112 ] Avoid foreshortening, prefer triplane analysis or 3D volumetry. Reduced LA emptying fraction indicates LA dysfunction Yes-—under certain conditions To characterize LA function Average LA reservoir strain—reservoir LAS (%): LA reservoir function 31–42 Cut off > 23 [ 89 ] LA strain analysis is only possible if image quality is adequate.…”