Three-dimensional distinct element modelling of relay growth and breaching along normal faults

Imber, Jonathan B.; Tuckwell, George; Childs, Conrad; Walsh, John J.; Manzocchi, Tom; Heath, A. E.; Bonson, C.G; Strand, Julian

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2004.02.010

Cited by 77 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…We obtained results such as deformation fields, velocity fields, and other factors by solving the equations for the law of motion and force-displacement law for assemblies under the given conditions. This modeling procedure was introduced by Cundall (1971) and has been applied to a number of geological and geophysical problems in two and three dimensions (Saltzer and Pollard 1992;Antonellini and Pollard 1995;Strayer and Huddleston 1997;Finch et al 2003Finch et al , 2004Imbera et al 2004;Vietor and Oncken 2005;Finch 2005, 2007;Hardy et al 2009;Hardy 2011;Yamada et al 2014). Discrete element modeling has also been applied recently in volcanic study fields such as calderas or volcanic depression formations and magma extrusions (e.g., Hardy 2008;Wyrick and Smart 2009;Holohan et al 2011;Sakai et al 2013).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary process of Beppu Bay in central Kyushu, Japan: a quantitative study of the basin-forming process controlled by plate convergence modes

2014

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This integrated tectonic study reveals the basin-forming and deforming processes on an active margin. Southwest Japan (SWJ) is an island arc under the influence of oblique subduction of the Philippine Sea plate, which has provoked dextral slips on the arc-bisecting Median Tectonic Line (MTL). Plio-/Pleistocene sediments in Beppu Bay, a tectonic depression at the westernmost portion of the MTL, are categorized into lower (5~0.7 Ma), upper (0.7~0.3 Ma), and an auxiliary uppermost (0.3 Ma~present) unit in ascending order. Detailed seismic interpretation demonstrates that major structures in the deep interior of the basin are an older half-graben under a strong N-S extensional regime and a younger pull-apart sag that developed in a right-stepping part of the MTL as a result of late Quaternary-enhanced strike-slip rates on the fault. Sediments within the pull-apart have been deformed by later inversion events as a contraction phase arose. Conspicuous deformation of the hanging wall of the low-angle detachment of the basin was successfully reproduced by numerical modeling. Based on a discrete element method, this suggests that structural differences in the deformed sedimentary layers are caused by differences in the dip angles of the faults. Remarkable temporal changes in tectonic regimes around Beppu Bay and other areas of SWJ are probably related to transient modes of convergence, including the migration of the Euler pole, of the Philippine Sea plate since ca. 6 Ma.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary process of Beppu Bay in central Kyushu, Japan: a quantitative study of the basin-forming process controlled by plate convergence modes

2014

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“…Although interactions within normalfault networks often produce complex 3-D strains, which are supported by simple geometric models (e.g., Ferrill and Morris, 2001) as well as numerical models (e.g., Imber et al, 2004;Goteti et al, 2013), no slip direction data exists for the normal faults observed in the 3-D seismic reflection data at Milne Point. Therefore, as these are normal faults, and we are considering the entirety of the fault network, we assume dip-slip displacement and apply a weighting factor (w) defined by Peacock and Sanderson (1993) to the displacement tensor, which corrects for the orientation bias between the sample plane and the dip angle (θ) of the faults, hence:…”

Section: Network Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Fault interactions and reactivation within a normal-fault network at Milne Point, Alaska

Nixon¹,

Sanderson²,

Dee³

et al. 2014

Bulletin

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A normal-fault network from Milne Point, Alaska, is investigated focusing on characterizing geometry, displacement, strain, and different fault interactions. The network, constrained from threedimensional seismic reflection data, comprises two generations of faults: Cenozoic north-northeast-trending faults and Jurassic west-northwest-trending faults, which highly compartmentalize Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous reservoirs. The west-northwest-trending faults are influenced by a similarly oriented underlying structural grain. This influence is characterized by increases in throw on several faults, strain localization, reorientation of faults and an increase in linkage maturity.Reconstructing fault plane geometries and mapping spatial variations in throw identified key characteristic features in their interactions and reactivation of pre-existing structures. Faults are divided into isolated, abutting, and splaying faults. Isolated faults exhibit a range of displacement profiles depending on the degree of restriction at fault tips. Fault splays accommodate step-like decreases in throw along larger main faults with a throw maximum at the intersection with the main fault. Throw profiles of abutting faults are divided into two groups: early stage abutting faults with throw minima at both the isolated and abutting tips, and developed abutting faults with throw maxima near the abutting tip.Developed abutting faults accumulate throw after initial abutment, locally reactivating and transferring throw onto the preexisting fault. Two abutting faults can link kinematically by Stephen Dee is a senior structural geologist at BP, working in the Integrated Subsurface Description and Modelling team and consulting on structural and geomechanics projects. He has a Ph.D. from the University of Southampton and specializes in fault and fracture interpretation, geomechanical modeling, and seal analysis.

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“…The original version of the DEM was devoted to model rock-block systems (Cundall 1971) and it was later used to model granular materials (Cundall and Strack 1979). Researchers generally use PFC models to determine slope stability , fault plane motion (Strayer and Suppe 2002;Imber et al 2004, Strayer et al 2004, and soil and rock mechanisms (McDowell and Harireche 2002;Cheng et al 2003;Harireche and McDowell 2003;Potyondy and Cundall 2004). In the DEM, the global behavior of an assembly of particles connected to a network of contacts can be obtained by writing the equation of motion each component.…”

Section: Distinct Element Modeling and Granular Materials Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The mechanism of the 1941 Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan: insight from a 2D discrete element simulation

Tang

Lin

et al. 2012

Environ Earth Sci

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Tsaoling is located in Southwestern Taiwan, 10 km east of the frontal thrusts of the mountain belt. Five large historical landslide events were recorded from 1862 to 1999. No details of the earliest landslide event (1862) are available, thus this paper deals with the 1941 landslide event. Using the Particle Flow Code in two dimensions (PFC 2D) to simulate the mechanism of the Tsaoling landslide in 1941, this study shows that the landslide block developed cracks and slid down 0.2-1.8 m on the sliding plane. The cracks concentrated in certain zones, which corresponded to future landslide detachment planes. During the vibration simulation, the cracks spread from the shear plane to ground surface. Monitoring the variations of the displacements, velocity, and stress during vibration simulation showed that the peak velocity and stress in the transition zones occurred at 3 s. The displacement of the left part of the block exceeded 1.3 m, and the displacement of the right part was less than 1.3 m during vibration simulation. These results suggest that the left part of the block was pushed down by the right part, ultimately inducing a landslide during an earthquake.

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Three-dimensional distinct element modelling of relay growth and breaching along normal faults

Cited by 77 publications

References 41 publications

Evolutionary process of Beppu Bay in central Kyushu, Japan: a quantitative study of the basin-forming process controlled by plate convergence modes

Evolutionary process of Beppu Bay in central Kyushu, Japan: a quantitative study of the basin-forming process controlled by plate convergence modes

Fault interactions and reactivation within a normal-fault network at Milne Point, Alaska

The mechanism of the 1941 Tsaoling landslide, Taiwan: insight from a 2D discrete element simulation

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