Fault interactions and reactivation within a normal-fault network at Milne Point, Alaska

Nixon, Casey W.; Sanderson, David J.; Dee, S. J.; Bull, Jonathan M.; Humphreys, Robert J.; Swanson, Mark H.

doi:10.1306/04301413177

Cited by 64 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Several studies have found that reactivated pre-existing faults interact with secondary faults (Duffy et al, 2015;Nixon et al, 2014). Duffy et al (2015) illustrated the interaction styles between first-and second-phase faults, such as isolated, abutting and restrained interactions, with a focus on the effect of first-phase faults on the growth of second-phase faults.…”

Section: Implications For the Growth Of Reactivated Pre-existing Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of fault reactivation during multiphase rifting: the Oseberg area, Northern North Sea rift

Deng¹,

Fossen²,

Gawthorpe³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Multiphase rifts tend to produce fault populations that evolve by the formation of new faults and reactivation of earlier faults. The resulting fault patterns tend to be complex and difficult to decipher. In this work we use seismic reflection data to examine the evolution of a normal fault network in the Oseberg Fault Block in the northern North Sea Rift System -a rift system that experienced Permian -Early Triassic and Middle Jurassic -Early Cretaceous rifting and exhibits N-S, NW-SE and NE-SW oriented faults.Both N-S-and NW-SE-striking faults were established during the Permian -Early

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Section: Implications For the Growth Of Reactivated Pre-existing Faultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of fault reactivation during multiphase rifting: the Oseberg area, Northern North Sea rift

Deng¹,

Fossen²,

Gawthorpe³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…Ferrill and Morris, 2001;Peacock, 2002; Walsh et al, 40 2003;Nixon et al, 2014); (2) scaled-analogue modelling (e.g. Holland et al, 2006; Tentler and 41 Acocella, 2010); and (3) numerical-based modelling techniques (e.g.…”

Section: Introduction 28mentioning

confidence: 99%

Normal fault growth in layered basaltic rocks: The role of strain rate in fault evolution

Bubeck

Walker

Imber

et al. 2018

Journal of Structural Geology

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9Conceptual models for the evolution of dilatant faults in volcanic rift settings involve a step-wise 10 growth pattern, involving upward propagation of subsurface faults, surface monocline formation, 11 which are breached by subvertical, open faults. Immature, discontinuous normal faults are 12 considered representative of the early stages of mature, linked faults that accommodate extensional 13 strains. We consider the evolution of surface-breaking normal faults using a comparison of the 14 distribution and geometry of normal faults from two volcanic rift zones: the Koaʻe fault system, 15Hawaiʻi, and the Krafla fissure swarm, NE Iceland. Field mapping highlights similarities to current 16 predicted geometries, but also prominent differences that are not reconciled by current models. 17Variable deformation styles record magma supply changes within the rift zones, which drive local 18 strain rate gradients. Building on existing studies, we present a conceptual model of fault growth 19 that accounts for spatial and temporal changes in strain rate within the deforming regions. We 20propose that faults in separate rift systems may not advance through the same stages of evolution 21and that faults within individual rift systems can show differing growth patterns. Variations in 22 2 surface strains may be indicative of subsurface magmatic system changes, with important 23 implications for our understanding of volcano-tectonic coupling. 24 25Key words: normal fault; monocline; extension; basalt; volcanic rift 26 27 Introduction 28Normal fault systems comprise discontinuous, non-collinear segments, with overlaps and segment 29 linkage commonly resulting in characteristic overlapping or step-like geometries across a broad 30 range of scales (e.g. Segall and Pollard, 1980;Peacock, 2002; Long and Imber, 2011). Regional 31 extension is conserved ahead of first-order fault terminations by areas of folding and linking faults 32 and fractures (e.g. Morley et al., 1990;Faulds and Varga, 1998). The geometry and distribution of 33 structures within these domains play an important role in the tectono-stratigraphic development of 34 rift basins (e.g. Lambiase and Bosworth, 1995; Sharp et al., 2000; Hus et al., 2006), and the 35 evolving fluid flow properties of fault zones (e.g. Manzocchi et al., 2010;Seebeck et al., 2014). 36Much of our current understanding of the growth of normal fault populations and fault zone 37 architecture is derived from studies of faults in clastic sequences using combinations of: (1) fault 38 analysis and scaling relationships, based on field and seismic data-derived measurements of 39 displacement and length versus width (e.g. Ferrill and Morris, 2001;Peacock, 2002; Walsh et al., 40 2003;Nixon et al., 2014); (2) scaled-analogue modelling (e.g. Holland et al., 2006; Tentler and 41 Acocella, 2010); and (3) numerical-based modelling techniques (e.g. Crider and Pollard, 1998; 42 Maerten et al., 2002;Schöpfer et al., 2006). Many of these studies have focussed on fault 43 propagation and se...

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“…'trailing segment reactivation' of Nixon et al, 2014). Although this model may explain the observed increase 370 in throw along discrete E-W fault segments (Fig.…”

Section: Triassic Fault Activity 335mentioning

confidence: 92%

Oblique reactivation of lithosphere-scale lineaments controls rift physiography – The upper crustal expression of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, offshore southern Norway

Phillips¹,

Jackson²,

Bell³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract. Pre-existing structures within sub-crustal lithosphere may localise stresses during subsequent tectonic events, resulting in complex fault systems at upper crustal levels. As these sub-crustal structures are difficult to resolve at great depths, the evolution of kinematically and perhaps geometrically linked upper-crustal fault populations can offer insights into their deformation history, including when and how they reactivate and accommodate stresses during later tectonic events. In this study, we use borehole-constrained 2D and 3D 15seismic reflection data to investigate the structural development of the Farsund Basin, offshore southern Norway; this E-trending basin represents the upper crustal expression of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, a major lithosphere-scale lineament extending >1000 km across Central Europe. The southern margin of the Farsund Basin is characterised by N-S and E-W-striking fault populations, the latter extending down through the Moho and potentially linking with the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone as imaged within sub-crustal lithosphere. Due to this 20 geometric linkage, we can analyse the upper crustal fault populations to infer the kinematics of the SorgenfreiTornquist Zone. We use throw-length (T-x) analysis and fault displacement backstripping techniques to determine the geometric and kinematic evolution of upper-crustal fault populations during the multiphase evolution of the Farsund Basin. We document a period of sinistral strike-slip activity along E-W-striking faults during the Early Jurassic, representing a hitherto undocumented phase of activity along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist 25Zone. These E-W-striking upper-crustal faults are later obliquely reactivated under a dextral stress regime during the Early Cretaceous, with new faults also propagating away from pre-existing ones, representing a switch to a phase of dextral transtension along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone. We show that the SorgenfreiTornquist Zone represents a long-lived lithosphere-scale lineament that is periodically reactivated throughout its protracted geological history. The upper crustal component of the lineament is reactivated in a range of tectonic 30 styles, including both sinistral and dextral strike-slip motions, with the geometry and kinematics of these faults often inconsistent with what may otherwise be inferred from regional tectonics alone. Understanding these different styles of reactivation not only allows us to better understand the influence of sub-crustal lithospheric structure on rifting, but also offers insights into the prevailing stress field during regional tectonic events. 35Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi

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Fault interactions and reactivation within a normal-fault network at Milne Point, Alaska

Cited by 64 publications

References 47 publications

Influence of fault reactivation during multiphase rifting: the Oseberg area, Northern North Sea rift

Influence of fault reactivation during multiphase rifting: the Oseberg area, Northern North Sea rift

Normal fault growth in layered basaltic rocks: The role of strain rate in fault evolution

Oblique reactivation of lithosphere-scale lineaments controls rift physiography – The upper crustal expression of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone, offshore southern Norway

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