Three-dimensional diamond detectors: Charge collection efficiency of graphitic electrodes

Lagomarsino, S.; Bellini, M.; Corsi, C.; Gorelli, Federico A.; Parrini, G.; Santoro, Mario; Sciortino, S.

doi:10.1063/1.4839555

Cited by 62 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The structural modification generated, as identified through Raman microspectroscopy is revealed as graphitic and amorphous sp 2 bonded carbon intermixed with sp 3 bonded diamond 26,27 , while it has recently been shown that, in addition, the NV concentration may be enhanced in nearby regions 28 . When the laser focus is traced through the diamond, a continuous damage track is created which is electrically conductive 29,31 , and has been successfully used for a range of radiation detectors [32][33][34] . Transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy has been used to study thin slices of the laser-modified area, showing the presence of sub-micrometer patches of sp 2 bonded amorphous carbon, in addition to multiple dislocations of the diamond lattice 30 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Inscription of 3D waveguides in diamond using an ultrafast laser

Courvoisier

Booth

Salter

2016

Applied Physics Letters

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Three dimensional waveguides within the bulk of diamond are manufactured using ultrafast laser fabrication. High intensities within the focal volume of the laser cause breakdown of the diamond into a graphitic phase leading to a stress induced refractive index change in neighboring regions. Type II waveguiding is thus enabled between two adjacent graphitic tracks, but supporting just a single polarization state. We show that adaptive aberration correction during the laser processing allows the controlled fabrication of more complex structures beneath the surface of the diamond which can be used for 3D waveguide splitters and Type III waveguides which support both polarizations.Diamond has long found use as a material with extreme mechanical properties, and is now rapidly gaining interest for photonic applications 1 . High transmission over a very large spectral window and a high refractive index are attractive for light manipulation. Diamond also acts as a stable basis for a host of color centers which are promising for quantum enhanced technologies 2,3 . The nitrogen vacancy (NV) center is proving particularly useful not just for quantum processing 4 but, also for a range of sensors with extreme sensitivity to magnetic field and temperature 5-7 . The strong Raman coefficient is effective for Raman lasers generating low cost lasing solutions at unusual wavelengths 8,9 . The high Raman coefficient is also useful for implementing solid state quantum memories, a vital component for any quantum optical technology enabling the storage and retrieval of quantum information 10 . In addition, diamond serves as an ideal platform for biophotonics due to a high level of biocompatibility 11 . The efficiency of many of these technologies would be improved by the ability to confine and route light using a network of optical waveguides 12 .Previous demonstrations of waveguiding within diamond have been based upon the principle of selectively removing regions of diamond to generate an air-diamond interface.Surface RIB waveguides have previously been fabricated using reactive ion etching (RIE) with photolithographic patterning 13,14 . Elegant nanobeam waveguides have recently been demonstrated through either angled 15 or undercut RIE etching 16 . Alternatively, direct ion microbeam writing has been used to create shallow subsurface multimode waveguides 17 . All of these approaches are constrained to the diamond surface, require extensive material processing to the potential detriment of the diamond and are difficult to interface with optical fibers. However, a different method for generating guiding structures in crystals has emerged over the past decade, whereby an ultrashort pulsed laser is used to modify the material 18 . In the majority of implementations, light is confined in regions of stress neighboring laser induced damage tracks, which is designated as waveguide based upon a Type II modification 19 . Previously this has been successfully applied to a range of crystals such as lithium niobate 20,21 , KDP 22 , KTP 23 and T...

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confidence: 99%

Inscription of 3D waveguides in diamond using an ultrafast laser

Courvoisier

Booth

Salter

2016

Applied Physics Letters

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“…A smaller electrodes distance increases the amount of generated charge that could be collected before trapping giving rise to a higher charge collection efficiency with a lower saturation voltage (Fig. 2, right) [16].The full collection efficiency of β-induced signals for a 3D diamond detector fabricated in a 500 μm thick diamond substrate is reached at voltages about ten times lower than for a 2D sensor made of the same diamond substrate [13]. This is an important advantage for 3D detectors because high full collection efficiency voltages are generated by high accuracy high voltage source meters which are very expensive and usually bulky.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a 3D diamond detector for medical radiation dosimetry

Kanxheri

Servoli

et al. 2017

J. Inst.

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Synthetic diamond has several properties that are particularly suited to applications in medical radiation dosimetry. It is tissue equivalent, not toxic and shows a high resistance to radiation damage, low leakage current and stability of response. It is an electrical insulator, robust and realizable in small size; due to these features there are several examples of diamond devices, mainly planar single-crystalline chemical vapor depositation (sCVD) diamond, used for relative dose measurement in photon beams. Thanks to a new emerging technology, diamond devices with 3-dimensional structures are produced by using laser pulses to create graphitic paths in the diamond bulk. The necessary bias voltage to operate such detector decreases considerably while the signal response and radiation resistance increase. In order to evaluate the suitability of this new technology for measuring the dose delivered by radiotherapy beams in oncology a 3D polycrystalline (pCVD) diamond detector designed for single charged particle detection has been tested and the photon beam profile has been studied. The good linearity and high sensitivity to the dose observed in the 3D diamond, opens the way to the possibility of realizing a finely segmented device with the potential for dose distribution measurement in a single exposure for small field dosimetry that nowadays is still extremely challenging.

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“…Indeed, even if it is assumed that all the regions identified as sp 2 are continuous along the wire and can hence contribute to any DC conductivity, values for the intrinsic structural resistivity are expected to be over an order of magnitude lower than those previously reported for laser written wires. [18][19][20]25,26 The relatively low sp 2 content of even the patches in Fig. 3(e) is surprising, and at no point, purely graphenic EELS spectra are recorded.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, previous Raman studies revealed only the partial formation of sp 2 bonded graphite within the laser irradiated zones. 14,19,23,24 When using such modifications to create wires, the resultant resistivity varies from 0.02 to 2 X cm, [18][19][20]25,26 with values at least an order of magnitude higher than that for polycrystalline graphite. 27 Similarly, when writing optical waveguides using the stress field generated by modifications in Regime (ii), the propagation losses are significantly lower than those expected from a complete conversion of the irradiated zones to graphite.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…13,15 Regime (ii) enables the creation of embedded electrodes, particularly for use in 3D radiation detectors offering a superior radiation tolerance and a faster response than their planar counterparts. [16][17][18] Furthermore, Regime (ii) modifications provide a potential route for all-carbon metamaterials, 19 solar cells, 20 photonic crystals, 21 and waveguides. 22,23 For successful development of DLW in these applications and other diamond based technologies, it is of vital importance to carry out detailed structural analysis of the subsurface laser induced changes to the diamond.…”

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High resolution structural characterisation of laser-induced defect clusters inside diamond

Salter

Booth

Courvoisier

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Letters

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Laser writing with ultrashort pulses provides a potential route for the manufacture of three-dimensional wires, waveguides, and defects within diamond. We present a transmission electron microscopy study of the intrinsic structure of the laser modifications and reveal a complex distribution of defects. Electron energy loss spectroscopy indicates that the majority of the irradiated region remains as sp3 bonded diamond. Electrically conductive paths are attributed to the formation of multiple nano-scale, sp2-bonded graphitic wires and a network of strain-relieving micro-cracks.

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Three-dimensional diamond detectors: Charge collection efficiency of graphitic electrodes

Cited by 62 publications

References 15 publications

Inscription of 3D waveguides in diamond using an ultrafast laser

Inscription of 3D waveguides in diamond using an ultrafast laser

Evaluation of a 3D diamond detector for medical radiation dosimetry

High resolution structural characterisation of laser-induced defect clusters inside diamond

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