High resolution structural characterisation of laser-induced defect clusters inside diamond

Salter, Patrick S.; Booth, Martin J.; Courvoisier, Arnaud; Moran, David A. J.; MacLaren, Donald A.

doi:10.1063/1.4993118

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) performed by the Salter group on femtosecond laser written tracks showed a non‐uniform structural modification consisting of 4% of sp 2 bonded carbon . The tracks were written using a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser at 1 kHz repetition rate.…”

Section: Photonic Components In Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

et al. 2019

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Diamond has attracted great interest as a quantum technology platform thanks to its optically active nitrogen vacancy (NV) center. The NV's ground state spin can be read out optically, exhibiting long spin coherence times of ≈1 ms even at ambient temperatures. In addition, the energy levels of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Diamond photonics enhance optical interactions with NVs, beneficial for both quantum sensing and information. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NVs. However, it remains a significant challenge to fabricate photonics, NVs, and microfluidics in diamond. In this Progress Report, an overview is provided of ion irradiation and femtosecond laser writing, two promising fabrication methods for diamond‐based quantum technological devices. The unique capabilities of both techniques are described, and the most important fabrication results of color center, optical waveguide, and microfluidics in diamond are reported, with an emphasis on integrated devices aiming toward high performance quantum sensors and quantum information systems of tomorrow.

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Section: Photonic Components In Diamondmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

et al. 2019

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“…One possible explanation is that microscopic gaps exist within the graphitic network of the wire, and that charge transport can only be achieved by surpassing the breakdown voltage of these structures, which is then equal to the observed barrier potential. Previous experiments exploring the microscopic structure of the laser written wires via scanning and transmission electron microscopy have shown multiple intersecting planes of graphitic sheets with a thickness of 40-100 nm [19,20]. It was found that only ≈4% of the wire cross-sectional area contained conductive sp 2 bonded carbon, while the remainder was unmodified diamond.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Barrier potential for laser written graphitic wires in diamond

Haughton

Paz

McGowan

et al. 2021

Diamond and Related Materials

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Diamond substrates supporting an internal array of conductive graphitic wires inscribed by a femtosecond pulse laser, are useful for the detection of ionising radiation in a range of applications. Various parameters involved in the laser fabrication process were investigated in this paper to understand their impact on the electrical properties of the wires. The study revealed an effect, whereby the wires exhibit insulating behaviour until a barrier potential is overcome. When high enough voltages are applied, the wires display ohmic behaviour. The magnitude of the barrier potential, which in some cases exceeds 300 V, is shown to be strongly dependent on the laser fabrication parameters. Through process optimisation, the potential barrier may be minimised and effectively removed, coinciding with reduced values of the wire resistance.

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“…High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) performed by Patrick Salter's group on thin FIB milled cross section areas of the laser written tracks showed a non-uniform structural modification consisting of about 4% of sp 2 bonded carbon [87], as shown in figures 7(d) and (e). The tracks were written using a femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser at 1 kHz repetition rate focused 4 μm beneath the surface.…”

Section: Optimization Of Femtosecond Laser-written Structures For Phomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(c) Micro-Raman spectra (normalized to the G-peak) in the center of the modification tracks written with repetition rates of 5, 25 and 500 kHz, with pulse energy being constant (800 nJ)[85]. (d) Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) image of FIB milled cross section of laser induced tracks[87]. (e) Spatial distribution of sp 2 bonding in the cross-sectional region defined as 'image' in (d).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Femtosecond laser written photonic and microfluidic circuits in diamond

et al. 2019

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Diamond has attracted great interest in the quantum optics community thanks to its nitrogen vacancy (NV) center, a naturally occurring impurity that is responsible for the pink coloration of some diamond crystals. The NV spin state with the brighter luminescence yield can be exploited for spin readout, exhibiting millisecond spin coherence times at ambient temperature. In addition, the energy levels of the ground state triplet of the NV are sensitive to external fields. These properties make NVs attractive as a scalable platform for efficient nanoscale resolution sensing based on electron spins and for quantum information systems. Integrated diamond photonics would be beneficial for optical magnetometry, due to the enhanced light-matter interaction and associated collection efficiency provided by waveguides, and for quantum information, by means of the optical linking of NV centers for long-range entanglement. Diamond is also compelling for microfluidic applications due to its outstanding biocompatibility, with sensing functionality provided by NV centers. Furthermore, laser written micrographitic modifications could lead to efficient and compact detectors of high energy radiation in diamond. However, it remains a challenge to fabricate optical waveguides, graphitic lines, NVs and microfluidics in diamond. In this Review, we describe a disruptive laser nanofabrication method based on femtosecond laser writing to realize a 3D micro-nano device toolkit for diamond. Femtosecond laser writing is advantageous compared to other state of the art fabrication technologies due to its versatility in forming diverse micro and nanocomponents in diamond. We describe how high quality buried optical waveguides, low roughness microfluidic channels, and on-demand NVs with excellent spectral properties can be laser formed in single-crystal diamond. We show the first integrated quantum photonic circuit in diamond consisting of an optically addressed NV for quantum information studies. The rapid progress of the field is encouraging but there are several challenges which must be met to realize future quantum technologies in diamond. We elucidate how these hurdles can be overcome using femtosecond laser fabrication, to realize both quantum computing and nanoscale magnetic field sensing devices in synthetic diamond.

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High resolution structural characterisation of laser-induced defect clusters inside diamond

Cited by 21 publications

References 39 publications

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

Quantum Micro–Nano Devices Fabricated in Diamond by Femtosecond Laser and Ion Irradiation

Barrier potential for laser written graphitic wires in diamond

Femtosecond laser written photonic and microfluidic circuits in diamond

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